Ports are striving for innovative technological solutions to cope with the increasing growth in demand of goods transport, while at the same time improving their environmental footprint. An emerging technology that has the potential to substantially increase the effectiveness of the multifaceted and interconnected port processes is that of digital twins. Recognizing the potential of twinning assets and processes, innovation-leading ports have already started working on it. However, since there is no clear consensus on what a digital twin of a complex system comprises and how it should be designed, deployed digital twin solutions for ports, as in multiple other domains, often differ significantly. We address this issue by initially identifying three core aspect underpinning digital twins of complex systems, grounding our work on the domain of ports, and outlining five successive maturity levels based on these aspects' instantiation. These identified aspects and the derived maturity levels are then used to examine real-world cases by critically evaluating existing digital twinning solutions in the port of Singapore, the Mawan port of Shanghai, and that of Rotterdam. Our work on maturity levels and core twinning aspects can provide a guideline for designing and benchmarking digital twinning solutions, applicable in any domain where a digital twin can be used. For ports, the capacity for innovation via twinning is highly contextual, with the key affecting factors being the availability of financial and technical resources.

Ports are striving for innovative technological solutions to cope with the ever-increasing growth of transport, while at the same time improving their environmental footprint. An emerging technology that has the potential to substantially increase the efficiency of the multifaceted and interconnected port processes is the digital twin. Although digital twins have been successfully integrated in many industries, there is still a lack of cross-domain understanding of what constitutes a digital twin. Furthermore, the implementation of the digital twin in complex systems such as the port is still in its infancy. This paper attempts to fill this research gap by conducting an extensive cross-domain literature review of what constitutes a digital twin, keeping in mind the extent to which the respective findings can be applied to the port. It turns out that the digital twin of the port is most comparable to complex systems such as smart cities and supply chains, both in terms of its functional relevance as well as in terms of its requirements and characteristics. The conducted literature review, considering the different port processes and port characteristics, results in the identification of three core requirements of a digital port twin, which are described in detail. These include situational awareness, comprehensive data analytics capabilities for intelligent decision making, and the provision of an interface to promote multi-stakeholder governance and collaboration. Finally, specific operational scenarios are proposed on how the port's digital twin can contribute to energy savings by improving the use of port resources, facilities and operations.

Providing shore power to ships at berth is recognized as an effective measure to reduce external costs of maritime transport. However, shore power technology is subject to barriers, part of which relate to insufficient incentives for providers and users. Regulatory proposals in the EU have targeted liner shipping segments to be covered by a shore power mandate. There is much less research focused on non-liner segments of shipping, though these represent a significant share of at-berth emissions. This study uses a relatively simple modelling framework to analyze whether public investments in shore power deployment could be socio-economically beneficial. We find that investing in the provision of shore power in ports can be socio-economically beneficial also when aimed at bulk carriers, tankers and general cargo ships. We also find that the pricing of access affects expected uptake and consequently whether or not shore power investments yield benefits in proportion to costs.

The culture of sustainability in shipping has been studied through questionnaires in two shipping companies. In the project, a survey was designed and tested that aims to measure sustainability culture, attitudes to ecological/green sustainability. With the survey results, you get help to see strong and weak sides in the company in the development of a good sustainability culture through methods that have previously been applied within the safety culture. If the culture of sustainability develops and leaders make commitments, it can provide motivation, commitment and a greater pressure for change, whereby environmental issues are moved up the agenda. In several workshops, the concept of sustainability and how knowledge and methods could be transferred from a safety culture to a sustainability culture were discussed. Literature was compiled and survey questions constructed and tested in two shipping companies. The results were analyzed and presented with interesting connections and frequencies. A new survey tool that can measure the level of attitudes towards sustainability and the environment has been launched. This tool has the potential to provide knowledge and a basis for dialogue and measures for increased sustainability in shipping.

Detta är den andra upplagan av Hugo Tibergs klassiska verk "Kreditsäkerhet i fartyg" från år 1968. Såväl sjöfartsnäringen som formerna för fartygsfinansiering har förändrats kraftigt under de år som har gått sedan den första upplagan utgavs. Den nya upplagan utgör därför en starkt moderniserad framställning av de rättsregler som berör fartygsfinansiering. I boken diskuteras såväl skeppshypoteket som äganderättsförbehåll i båtar. Sjöpanträtten och retentionsrätten i fartyg är ytterligare frågor som behandlas. Slutligen berörs även frågor om exekution i fartyg.

The project aims to analyze the conditions and potential for a conversion to fossil-free propulsion for ships calling Swedish ports. The emphasis is on the ships' propulsion and direct emissions of greenhouse gases. This final report summarizes the results produced within the framework of the deliverables Holmgren et al. (2021) "Shipping's use of alternative fuels – trends and conditions (in Swedish)", Malmgren et al. (2021) "The feasibility of alternative fuels and propulsion concepts for various shipping segments in Sweden" and Trosvik & Brynolf (2023) "The Swedish maritime transport sector and scenario analyzes of climate policy instruments". 

All deliverables evaluated the existing literature. Holmgren et al. (2021) have also conducted a survey and analyzed data describing the energy use and movements of the over 4,300 ships that called Sweden in 2019. Malmgren et al. (2021) used the in Holmgren et al. (2021) identified ship segments and matched the ships' characteristics, such as route length, bunkering time, energy use and age, against performance profiles based on technical, environmental, and economic conditions of a selection of energy carriers and propulsion technologies. Trosvik & Brynolf (2023) developed the so[1]called SETS-model (Swedish energy transition of shipping model) which aims to simulate shipowners' choice of energy carriers and propulsion system based on a cost-minimizing approach and studied the impacts of four policy packages

For Sweden to achieve the goal of becoming one of the world's first fossil-free welfare countries, a transition to a fossil-free transport system as well as to a circular economy is required. Shipping has the potential to match the needs of an increased circular economy and is an energy-efficient mode of transport. The purpose of the report is to understand how shipping can be used to a greater extent to transport circular products and materials and how the port can create value in the development of circular logistics solutions. The methods used are literature studies, workshops and case studies. 

The report identifies circular products and materials with the potential to move upwards in the waste hierarchy and where it is appropriate to use shipping for transport in the circular logistics system. These include dredged material, soil, mineral waste, wood waste, plastic waste, end-of-life tires, end[1]of-life textiles, sorted and recycled textiles, flat glass, waste oil and fly ash. The role of the port in managing circular materials was studied more specifically for aggregates, dissolving pulp based on recycled textiles, food waste and ethanol. It became clear that the port can create value in the form of storage, consolidation, stuffing and be a logistics node that offers transshipment opportunities between different modes of transport. The port knows the local conditions for efficient logistics arrangements and is central in new stakeholder networks. The report also presents a description of two circular logistics solutions involving shipping that were developed and evaluated during the project. One demonstration of a sea transport with clay. One conceptual evaluation of different logistics arrangement as support for an investment of a sorting machine of flat glass.

A crew's crisis preparedness and ability to deal with unexpected emergencies such as fire, personal injury or evacuation are of decisive importance for the safety on board ship and affect the chances of survival of crew members and passengers. Training for the unpredictable is a challenge but an important part of preparing for different types of crises and a prerequisite for dealing with these situations and acting beneficially and avoiding disaster. The purpose of this project has been to map and evaluate today's safety training in order to develop proposals for a toolbox and methodology for inspiring and engaging learning for increased maritime safety. The analysis has been aimed both at the basic training given to future naval commanders and marine engineers within the framework of the maritime colleges' safety training, but also the recurring safety training that is conducted on board ships with professional naval personnel. In the project, a particular focus has been placed on understanding from a resilience perspective how one can train for the ability to flexibly adapt their performance to prevailing conditions by quickly detecting and reacting to risks, redistributing resources, and finding new solutions in complex situations. The data collection took place through several different methods, with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A larger observational study was carried out at two of the country's maritime training centers and interviews and focus groups were held with students, instructors, and experienced seamen alike. In addition, an extensive survey study aimed at Swedish maritime personnel was carried out as well as an observation during a large-scale exercise on a passenger ferry involving crew, extras, a MIRG force and rescue personnel from shore.

Qualities found to be important range from individuals' bodily experiences and familiarity with ship-specific equipment and ability of emotional regulation to collective action and coordination under organized leadership and communication. The results underlines the importance of the instructor-led safety training during basic training of maritime officers and maritime engineers, where the foundation for crisis preparedness and continued learning within the future service is laid. The continuous safety training on board then has the potential to deepen crews' knowledge and ability to handle complex situations under stress.

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the cost impacts of policy instruments that are part of the European Commission’s climate policy package "Fit for 55". A disaggregated approach for the cargo ships calling at Swedish ports is applied to study the effects of different designs of the extension of the Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) to shipping and the changed Energy Tax Directive (ETD), which implies the introduction of taxes for marine fuel. Three scenarios are compared to the actual situation: the Main scenario is based on the European Commission’s proposal that ships with at least 5,000 gross tonnage (GT) must be included in the EU ETS and that taxes for marine fuels are introduced, the Low scenario assumes no fuel taxes and the High scenario that ships with at least 400 GT must be included in the EU ETS. A major conclusion is that cargo ships calling at Swedish ports with at least 5,000 GT account for 56 % of all cargo ships and for 78 % of all CO2 emissions from these ships, which implies that a significant part of the CO2 emissions is missed when the European Commission’s proposal regarding the inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS is applied. The share of missed CO2 emissions could further increase if ships smaller than 5,000 GT are chosen to avoid the EU ETS. Calculations with the Swedish national freight transport model Samgods confirm that firms have incentives to shift to ships smaller than 5,000 GT in the Main scenario while they have incentives to shift to ships larger than 5,000 GT in the High scenario. A recommendation is therefore that smaller ships than 5,000 GT should also be included in the EU ETS, and if this cannot be done immediately, the EU should clearly plan for ships with less than 5,000 GT to also be included in the long term and signal this to the market. This would reduce the incentives for the market to make socioeconomically undesirable adjustments to avoid paying for emissions. The fuel cost increases due to the implementation of the policy instruments are estimated per ship and aggregated to nine ship segments. In the Main scenario, the fuel cost increases due to the inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS are in the range of 11-42 % within the European Economic Area (EEA) and in the range of 5-21 % for transports to/from the EEA. In the High scenario, the costs in all segments are roughly 40 % within the EEA and 21% for the sea transports to/from the EEA. The introduction of fuel taxes is estimated to increase the fuel costs for all ships operating within the EEA by about 6 %. Calculations with the Samgods model indicate that the estimated higher fuel costs for shipping have limited impacts on the firms’ choices of mode and port and their total logistics costs.

There are reasons to question previous research literature regarding estimates of how much port call optimization can contribute to energy efficiency. Specifically, the potential of Virtual Arrival (VA), i.e., a system where ships would be able to reduce their speed in advance of a port call, in response to a known delay, in order to reduce or completely eliminate waiting time at anchor. In this study, we seek to estimate the maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential of VA for Swedish tramp shipping. Operational, business, contractual or other circumstances may lead to portions of the technical potential not being considered realizable. We also seek to estimate the realizable energy efficiency potential of VA. 

The estimate of the technical potential is based on empirical data from 2019. Traffic data from the AIS, ship data from IHS Markit, port call data from the Swedish Maritime Administration and Eurostat’s distance matrix for ports have been used for the estimate of the maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential. The calculation models that underpin the estimates are based on accepted models and are calibrated with better substantiated assumptions than in previous studies. The estimate of the realizable potential is based on a Delphi study in which experts from the stakeholder categories shipowners, ports and shipbrokers have been included. 

The results show that previous estimates overestimate the potential of VA for energy efficiency in the Swedish tramp shipping. The maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential is significantly lower than previously believed. This is due to several factors such as the fact that a relatively small percentage of the port calls (approx. 15%) have any waiting time at anchor at all and of these a large percentage (approx. 40%) are already sailing so slowly that reduced sailing speed would not lead to a reduction in fuel consumption. Also, model assumptions in previous studies have tended to mechanically overestimate the technical potential. The Delphi study shows that approx. one fifth of the maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential can be considered realizable in a Swedish context.

The provision of shore power to ships at berth is recognized as an effective measure to reduce the external costs of maritime transport. However, the deployment and uptake of shore power technology is subject to barriers, part of which have to do with insufficient economic incentives for providers and users. Regulatory proposals in the EU have targeted liner shipping segments to be covered by a shore power mandate. There is much less discussion and research focused on other segments of shipping, though these represent a significant share of at-berth emissions. This study uses maritime traffic data and a relatively simple modelling framework to analyse whether public investments in shore power deployment, coupled with added incentives to shipowners, could be socio-economically beneficial. The analysis is focused on maritime traffic in the Swedish port network, but the main findings can likely be generalized beyond this context. We find that investing in (or mandating) the provision of shore power in ports can be socio-economically beneficial also when aimed at segments typically classified as non-liner (or “tramp”). The results do not however indicate that network-wide deployment of shore power is justifiable, but rather that care must be taken to determine the cost-efficient size of the network as well as to design the network of shore power deployment in ports so as to reap benefits of network effects. We also find that the pricing of shore power access has a major impact on expected uptake and consequently on whether or not shore power investments yield benefits in proportion to costs. Crucially, we find that unregulated profit-maximizing pricing by ports leads to significant welfare losses by suppressing take-up among shipowners.

The objective of this paper is to provide empirical insights into how shipowners’ fleet deployment decisions are affected by changes in vessel-specific voyage costs. Voyage cost components which are fixed with respect to sailed distance, e.g., port charges or other infrastructure fees, may significantly influence the competitiveness of a maritime transport service, for instance if the level of such costs necessitate a very high degree of capacity utilization. We investigate empirically the effect of charges on the deployment and utilization of vessels in short-sea shipping by using the most recent reform of the Swedish fairway dues system as a natural experiment. Exploiting a stepwise differentiation of fees with respect to size, we utilize a regression discontinuity approach to elicit plausibly causal effects of increased fees on the deployment and utilization of vessels. The results show that increased voyage costs in the form of raised charges lead to affected vessels being deployed on fewer calls but with a slightly higher degree of capacity utilization. Heterogeneity analyses reveal estimates for port calls are larger for small shipowners and for vessels in high-frequency traffic. Overall, the results of the study highlight that charges levied on ships affect the supply structure of short-sea shipping by inducing shipowners to mitigate increased costs through adjusted deployment strategies.

The objective of this paper is to provide empirical insights into how shipowners’ fleet deployment decisions are affected by changes in vessel-specific voyage costs. Voyage cost components which are fixed with respect to sailed distance, e.g., port charges or other infrastructure fees, may significantly influence the competitiveness of a maritime transport service, for instance if the level of such costs necessitate a very high degree of capacity utilization. We investigate empirically the effect of charges on the deployment and utilization of vessels in short-sea shipping by using the most recent reform of the Swedish fairway dues system as a natural experiment. Exploiting a stepwise differentiation of fees with respect to size, we utilize a regression discontinuity approach to elicit plausibly causal effects of increased fees on the deployment and utilization of vessels. The results show that increased voyage costs in the form of raised charges lead to affected vessels being deployed on fewer calls but with a slightly higher degree of capacity utilization. Heterogeneity analyses reveal estimates for port calls are larger for small shipowners and for vessels in high-frequency traffic. Overall, the results of the study highlight that charges levied on ships affect the supply structure of short-sea shipping by inducing shipowners to mitigate increased costs through adjusted deployment strategies.

EU’s roadmap “Fit for 55” comprises four parts that affect maritime transport 1) Extension of the Trading System (EU ETS) to shipping, 2) changed Energy Tax Directive (ETD) which means an end to tax exemption for marine fuel, 3) FuelEU Maritime which involves a greenhouse gas intensity standard for marine fuel and 4) requirements for provision of infrastructure for bunkering of alternative fuels and electricity. The effects of 1) and 2) on costs for Swedish freight transport are calculated for the main scenario (EU Commission's proposal) and three alternative scenarios. The scenarios are based on a static time perspective. Effects of 3) and 4) are presented based on existing analyses. 

The Commission's proposal to include ships with a gross tonnage of at least 5 000 in the EU ETS covers only 78 percent of the CO2 emissions. The problem increases if actors are given incentives to make greater use of ships that are not covered by the EU ETS. A recommendation is therefore that, at least in the long term, also ships with a lower gross tonnage than 5 000 should be included in the EU ETS. The estimated fuel cost increases due to EU ETS differ between segments (11–42 percent in European Economic Area EEA) while the cost increase due to the ETD is six percent in all segments. 

Modeling with the Swedish national freight model indicates that the calculated fuel cost increases for sea transports do not lead to a major modal shift. EU ETS thresholds of at least 5 000 respectively 400 gross tonnage lead to different adaptations in terms of choice of ships. The higher fuel costs for maritime transport are not calculated to affect the total logistics costs to a large extent because these cost increases are small relative to other costs and the adaptations to the higher fuel costs lead to a dampening of the cost effect.

This article presents findings from a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)-analysis of the current marine pilot training. Five experts participated in a focused group interview. The results show that the training is strengthened by the wide variety of practical experiences that the instructors gain from actively workingas pilots while being engaged in the education. Furthermore, the advantage of being able to use real-life experience to design training units increases the transferability of training to work settings. However, the experts also highlight the general lack of organizational support and pedagogical training, which may affect the quality and deliveryof the education, as well as the lack of short- and long-term evaluation, so it remains unknown what parts of the education are successful and where potential improvements are necessary. The paper concludes by arguing that maritime pilot training should be developed into a professionalized teaching practice.

Sjöfartsverket har gett VTI i uppdrag att granska ett förslag till ny modell för uttag av farledsavgifter, ett förslag som Sjöfartsverket tagit fram och som ska gälla från den 1 januari 2023. Förslaget förutsätts vara intäktsneutralt, det vill säga att tarifferna i det nya förslaget ska generera lika stora intäkter som de totala intäkterna ur det nuvarande systemet. I uppdraget ingår inte att studera några effekter av förändrade lotsavgifter. Uppdraget består av två delmål: 

1) VTI ska genomföra en oberoende konsekvensanalys av förslaget till reviderade farledsavgifter. Mot bakgrund av resultaten i Merkel m.fl. (2021) ska de samlade förändringar som Sjöfartsverket föreslår testas, med betoning på Sjöfartsverkets intäktsmassa och farledsavgifternas fördelning mellan handelssjöfartens olika segment. 

2) VTI ska analysera förslaget ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Mot bakgrund av de studier som VTI genomfört rörande effekter av avgiftsförändringar på sjöfartens trafikering i svenska hamnar ska eventuella effekter på anlöp (trafikeringseffekter) och trafikslagsval för godstransporter (överflyttningseffekter) redovisas. Därtill ska VTI analysera vilka övriga fördelningseffekter som väntas orsakas av förslaget, inklusive effekter på inlandshamnar och olika näringsgrenar. 

Tillvägagångssättet för konsekvensanalysen beskriven i delmål 1 bygger vidare på det arbete med konsekvensanalyser som tidigare gjorts av VTI, där en beräkningsmodell konstruerats för att följa upp förväntade effekter av avgiftsförändringar. Tillvägagångssättet för att analysera effekter på trafikering, eventuella överflyttningseffekter och fördelningseffekter i delmål 2 är att sammanställa relevanta resultat från tidigare studier och tillämpa dessa på Sjöfartsverkets förslag till reviderad avgiftsmodell.

Syftet med denna PM är att kartlägga huruvida och på vilket sätt allmänna hamnar i Sverige miljödifferentierar sina avgifter. Detta görs för att bättre förstå dagens situation samt att undersöka vilken eller vilka delar av avgiften som är differentierad och vilken innebörd detta kan ha för redare som uppfyller respektive inte uppfyller ställda krav på fartygs miljöprestanda. 

Kartläggningen visar att majoriteten av de allmänna hamnarna i Sverige tillämpar någon form av miljödifferentiering i bestämmandet av avgifter och taxor för anlöpande trafik. Miljödifferentieringen hamnarna emellan är dock inte samordnad. Som bas för miljödifferentieringen används en rad olika index och kriterier kopplade till fartygs miljöprestanda. Även rabattnivåerna som kan erhållas skiljer sig åt, även om många hamnar har valt att ha liknande nivåer. På grund av den bristande samordningen är det svårt att jämföra de olika hamnarna med varandra. 

Genomgången visar att drygt hälften av de allmänna hamnar som tillämpar miljödifferentierade avgifter använder sig av indexen Clean Shipping Index (CSI) eller Environmental Ship Index (ESI). Andra förekommande varianter är att hamnar utgår från äldre certifikatsystem för kväveoxid- och svaveloxidreduktion. Vissa hamnar ger rabatt om fartygen använder LNG för framdrift och/eller tillhandahåller miljödifferentierade fartygsavgifter och gör det billigare för redare om de kopplar upp fartyg till landansluten el. Det förekommer även investeringsstöd som åtgärd för att ge incitament för fartygen att ställa om, förutsatt att fartyget fortsätter att trafikera hamnen. 

Sammanfattningsvis pekar kartläggningen på att viss likriktning råder i hur avgifter miljödifferentieras, framför allt i de stora allmänna hamnarna. Det råder dock fortfarande en brist på koordinering, vilket visas av att många av de hamnar som tillämpar miljödifferentiering gör detta med olika baser för beräkning av rabatter. Dessutom tillämpar långt ifrån alla hamnar ett system som är kompatibelt med rabattsystemet för de statliga farledsavgifterna.

Maritime navigation is a complex task involving the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of information using seamanship, professional knowledge, and technology. As the maritime industry transitions towards maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS), there is an increasing gap between the operator and the technology. This paper explores a collision avoidance decision support system for navigation from the navigator's perspective. The system, developed by Wärtsilä, is called Advanced Intelligent Manoeuvring (AIM) and can generate suggestions for course or speed alterations based on data from surrounding traffic. Nineteen Swedish navigators completed three ship traffic scenarios with and without decision support. Qualitative data were collected using interviews and analysed with thematic analysis. The results show that the participants perceive the decision support system as an advisory tool to visualise how traffic situations could unfold, a task currently difficult for most navigators. This paper discusses the present and near future of maritime navigation, highlighting the benefits of automation, while remaining vigilant about the potential dangers.

The promise of Port Call Optimization (PCO) measures such as Virtual Arrival (VA) for increased fuel efficiency in shipping is emphasized in the literature and professional ranks alike. Despite their envisioned benefits and feasibility, the implementation of such measures has largely remained lacking. Recent studies indicate that the potential of VA on fuel efficiency might be overestimated. In this paper we propose a new approach to estimate the fuel efficiency potential of VA based on traffic data from the Swedish tramp shipping sector. Our results indicate that the feasible fuel efficiency potential of VA is significantly smaller than what has previously been reported with no discernible benefit to large cohorts of voyages. We conclude that further empirical analyses are required for increased accuracy of the estimation of the potential of PCO for increased fuel efficiency in shipping and that more measured approaches in implementation and evaluation of PCO are called for.

Denna förstudie genomfördes inom ramen för Trafikverkets branschprogram "Hållbar Sjöfart" som drivs av Lighthouse med stöd även från Stiftelsen Sveriges Sjömanshus. Syftet med förstudien var att undersöka förekomsten av de underliggande orsakerna till och hanteringen av psykisk ohälsa bland fartygspersonal i Sverige. Ytterligare syftade förstudien till att undersöka hur arbetet med att förebygga psykisk ohälsa i sjöfarten bedrivs såväl av rederier som ombord i praktiken.

Förstudien genomfördes mitt under den för sjöfarten mycket påtagliga Covid-19 pandemin, vilket påverkade studien i termer av kraftiga förseningar och bitvis låga svarsfrekvenser. Detta till trots visade ändå förstudien på att psykisk ohälsa bland svenska sjömän drabbar runt 1 av 10 i sådan omfattning att man söker sig till öppenvården och ser man till slutenvården är siffran något högre. Tittar man på de befattningar som drabbas finner man manskap däck och manskap maskin följt av intendenturpersonal. Även fortsättningsvis kan antas att det finns ett stort mörkertal i prevalensen av psykisk ohälsa mot bakgrund av den kultur som råder i sjöfarten. Det återstår ytterligare arbete med att få det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet på plats överlag i sjöfarten och specifikt med stöd av AFS 2015:4 och utöver de rent fysiska riskfaktorerna ombord är man också medveten om effekten av stress och den fortsatt höga mentala arbetsbelastningen. Dock upplevs den egenskattade generella hälsan vara god hos ett litet urval av svenska sjömän. Under tiden som förstudien pågick beviljades även en mer fördjupad studie som fortsättning på förstudien genom Trafikverkets sjöfartsportfölj där ytterligare en registerstudie kommer genomföras för att jämföras med förstudien. Fortsatt forskning bör studera effekterna av framför allt Covid-19 med speciellt fokus på den psykiska ohälsan och den ökade mentala belastningen.

The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) has been commissioned by the Government of Sweden to “contribute to the creation of knowledge regarding a fast, smart and socioeconomically efficient electrification of the transport sector”. This report describes the current state of electrification of shipping and also policy instruments in Sweden, at the international level and in other countries that have been introduced to accelerate the electrification of shipping. VTI produces additional reports that correspond to the other subjects and reporting dates specified in the Government’s commission.

Shipping is electrified to a very small extent, as only about 340 of more than 98 000 ships in December 2021 had some sort of electric propulsion. Since hydrogen and battery propulsion are associated with higher costs, lower energy density (and large energy losses in the case of hydrogen propulsion) as well as requiring more space compared to conventional propulsion, electrification is best suited for ferries and other vessels operating on shorter, fixed routes with many stops.

The majority of the policy instruments at the international level and in Sweden identified in the report are intended to promote investments in both Onshore Power Supply (OPS) as well as battery and hydrogen propulsion. This applies, for example, to environmentally differentiated port and fairway fees, environmental legislation and support for investments and research. The policy instruments in other countries identified in the report in many cases promote the electrification of individual vessels, for example through targeted investment support for retrofitting of and construction of new ships, and through requirements for electric propulsion in the procurement of publicly owned vessels and public transport. Norway is investing significant amounts in a green transition of shipping, combined with future requirements for low- and zero-emission vessels in Norwegian waters.

With the implementation of the European Commission’s ‘Fit for 55’ legislative proposal, the internalization of emission costs may increase, incentivizing investments in the electrification of shipping. The proposal includes taxation of shipping fuel, an emissions trading system for shipping and carbon dioxide-based fuel requirements.

Despite being located in the periphery of major trade lanes, Norway houses a large shipping sector with a highly international profile. Norway’s regulatory framework for port governance and development conforms mostly to a style of governance with high degrees of autonomy and financial self-sufficiency seen in other northern European countries. However, there are also clear instances of public intervention aimed to minimize the external costs of transport, such as a significant support scheme for investments in shore power. Identified challenges for the Norwegian port system going forward include the issue of how to take advantage of economies of scale while serving a relatively small and regionally dispersed economy and attracting private participation in port operations, where such participation can be deemed beneficial.

Metal and tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediments are problematic for sediment managers and the environment. This study is the first to compare Fenton’s reagent and electrochemical treatment as remediation methods for the removal of TBT and metals using laboratory-scale experiments on contaminated dredged sediment. The costs and the applicability of the developed methods were also compared and discussed. Both methods removed > 98% TBT from TBT-spiked sediment samples, while Fenton’s reagent removed 64% of the TBT and electrolysis 58% of the TBT from non-spiked samples. TBT in water phase was effectively degraded in both experiments on spiked water and in leachates during the treatment of the sediment. Positive correlations were observed between TBT removal and the added amount of hydrogen peroxide and current density. Both methods removed metals from the sediment, but Fenton’s reagent was identified as the most potent option for effective removal of both metals and TBT, especially from highly metal-contaminated sediment. However, due to risks associated with the required chemicals and low pH level in the sediment residue following the Fenton treatment, electrochemical treatment could be a more sustainable option for treating larger quantities of contaminated sediment. © 2022, The Author(s).

Förekomsten av sjöolyckor med potentiellt stora konsekvenser utanför VTS-områden (Vessel Traffic Service) men på svenskt vatten kan tyda på att det är lönsamt för samhället att utöka övervakningen av sjötrafiken. En fråga är hur en AI-baserad trafikövervakning kan användas för att upptäcka och hantera trafikavvikelser och att ge stöd till beslutsfattande och om en sådan lösning skulle vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt. De viktigaste datakällor, riktlinjer för samhällsekonomiska analyser och effektsamband analyseras ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Följande utvecklingsbehov identifieras: • Analysmetoder för nya/förändrade regelverk och tekniska lösningar behöver utvecklas. Det finns behov av att hantera sjöolyckornas skador på fartyg, last, infrastruktur och natur, som är av större betydelse än för vägtransporter (där personskador har störst betydelse). • Robusta effektsamband för sjösäkerhet saknas. Den befintliga olycksstatistiken och data som tas fram i forskningsprojekt, t ex om vilka farliga trafiksituationer som kan undvikas med hjälp av AI baserad trafikövervakning, bör utnyttjas för att ta fram effektsamband. • Det bör undersökas på vilket sätt FSA-metoden (Formal Safety Assessment) som rekommenderas av IMO (International Maritime Organization) för att utvärdera regleringar som påverkar sjösäkerheten och marina miljöer kan/bör användas i Sverige.

Curve squeal with large magnitude tonal components in the frequency range up to 10 kHz is a cause of annoyance without any satisfying solution. This might be partly due to the gaps in the current understanding of the phenomenon within the research community (e.g. the open question whether the fundamental excitation mechanism is due to “falling friction” or “modal coupling”). Rail-bound traffic is expected to become a backbone in the future sustainable public transportation system. This makes it urgent to increase the state of knowledge in order to develop effective mitigation measures against the problem.

Noise recorded by an onboard monitoring system during one year of traffic on the Stockholm metro is studied. The influence of selected variables on the generation of curve squeal is investigated in a statistical assessment. The influence of curve radius on curve squeal probability is estimated by calculating the quotient of squealing samples with respect to the total number of samples captured in circular curve sections. Vehicle speed (operative conditions) is modelled by the introduction of a classification representing different speed profiles (e.g. constant, linear acceleration or deacceleration, etc.). Environmental conditions are accounted for by using humidity and air temperature as predictor variables.

A general trend of increased probability of curve squeal for decreasing curve radius is observed. Several subsequent regression analyses could not find a consistent influence of air temperature and humidity on the occurrence of curve squeal. Moreover, preliminary results indicate the existence of a vehicle speed for which a curve is particularly prone to generate squeal noise.

This study analyses how port governance systems in Europe have influenced the implementation of port initiatives focused on promoting modal shifts in freight transportation. Through a comprehensive review of port strategies, this research identified 49 individual modal shift initiatives among 21 port authorities in Europe. The results show that ports located in the Northern regions and managed by local governments, particularly in Belgium and the Netherlands, are leaders in executing strategies for modal shifts in freight transportation. Technological solutions and promoting intermodal transportation were found to be the most popular initiatives used to promote hinterland movements of freight by rail and waterborne transportation.

The maritime industry is experiencing a steady evolution towards a concept of fully automated ship operation. The implementation and use of automated systems have been debated for many decades, and yet substantial issues remain regarding its achievements in terms of improved safety and efficiency. The assessment of potential impacts (i.e. risk assessment) emerging from the introduction of automation remains a key challenge. The integration and streamlining of operations significantly increase complexity, and the transformations that are introduced tend to produce unforeseen side effects, often with serious safety consequences.

Despite high ambitions, policies for a modal shift in Europe have largely been unsuccessful. Part of the explanation relates to the inelasticity of freight transport demand. Understanding the demand elasticity of freight transport is important to design and appraise policies for external cost reductions in the transport sector. There have been many studies focused on estimating the elasticity of demand for short-sea shipping, a mode which policy makers have often aimed to strengthen to facilitate a modal shift from road freight. The objective of this review is to build upon the available literature by presenting and comparing estimated elasticities and to demonstrate the state of evidence through the application of two methodological approaches. Our review shows that there is a surprising degree of variation in elasticity estimates, part of which can likely be explained by differing methodological approaches. Applying a deterministic cost-minimising freight transport model and a stochastic multinomial logit approach based on responses from the Swedish Cargo Flow Survey, we demonstrate the inelasticity of Swedish maritime freight flows and provide suggestions for future research and policy discussions. For future studies of maritime transport demand elasticities to arrive at reliable and policy-relevant results, we highlight the need for combined and pluralistic methodological approaches and an increased use of real-world data.

The purpose of this report is to contribute to a better understanding of inland waterway transport (IWT) in Sweden, and to shed light on how public procurement can be designed to make better use of the potential of IWT. The aim is also to calculate benefits and costs that arise when IWT instead of road transport is procured. 

IWT makes up a very small portion of the total transport activity in Sweden compared with several other European countries. According to literature, this is explained by Sweden’s absence of waivers with respect to fees, staffing, qualifications, or pilot services. However, studies suggest that the potential for IWT in Sweden is limited, and the benefits of waivers targeted at IWT can be questioned.

A well-developed port infrastructure is a prerequisite for Swedish industry as well as for a sustainable transport system. Despite this, the knowledge of how the port infrastructure satisfies society's needs today, and in the future, is underdeveloped. In this pre-study the needs of various stakeholders are mapped, and trends and future transport demand are analyzed in terms of how they may affect Sweden's ports. More specifically, twenty-four interviews have been conducted with ports, manufacturing companies, shipping companies, freight forwarders, terminal operators, port authorities, and municipalities. We have also reviewed the reason for the strong freight development for shipping in the Swedish Transport Administration's forecasts of freight volumes in 2040 by looking at output data to see how these are distributed among different product groups and ports.

The Swedish Maritime Administration (SMA) charges commercial shipping fairway dues and pilot fees. The revenues from these charges account for over 70 percent of the SMA’s total revenues. Every five years, the SMA reviews its charging model. The next upcoming review is due in 2023, at which point a revised charging model is expected to be implemented. Long-term changes to the charging model are expected to be implemented in 2028. VTI, in cooperation with the SMA and the Ports of Sweden, is undertaking the research project “Fairway dues and pilot fees 2028: How to foster competitive and sustainable shipping?”. The purpose of the project is to deliver analyses and results relevant to the decision making regarding short-term changes to the charging model in 2023 and long-term changes in 2028. This report is a partial delivery of the project. 

The purpose of the report is twofold. Firstly, the purpose is to analyze and account for the effects of fairway dues and pilot fees on maritime traffic in Sweden, using previous literature and original empirical analyses of previous fee changes. Secondly, the purpose is to describe the likely consequences of a spectrum of possible future changes to the charging model. This report therefore estimates and presents the likely impacts on different vessel segments following a series of hypothetical fee changes.

Sjöfart har alltid varit ett högriskyrke. Långa resor, extrema väderförhållanden, sjukdomar och olyckor kan påverka besättningen ombord på fartyg. De är inte bara utsatta för större risker, sjömän är också isolerade från de vanliga kanalerna till medicinsk vård och hjälp som finns tillgänglig på land. Ombord på fartyg råder andra förutsättningar än i land för att bedriva sjukvård. Tillgången till medicinskt utbildad personal som på ett adekvat sätt kan bistå kan inte tas för given och möjligheten till sjukvård försvåras ytterligare när fartygen befinner sig långt ut till havs. Ombord på fartyg utförs det akuta/semi-akuta medicinska omhändertagandet av personal med begränsad medicinsk utbildning och erfarenhet, och dessutom med begränsad tillgång till tekniska hjälpmedel och läkemedel. Syftet med denna förstudie är att beskriva de förutsättningar som finns ombord idag och jämföra med de resurser som finns inom prehospital sjukvård i land. Ytterligare avser studien göra en behovsanalys för att beskriva vilket behov som finns ombord för att kunna uppnå god kvalitet på vården och för att kunna förse rådgivande läkare i land med bättre förutsättningar för framgångsrik diagnosticering och vårdrekommendationer. Förslag på teknik och lösningar kommer redovisas för att möta dessa behov. Ytterligare syftar förstudien till att ta fram ett underlag för en större ansökan till ett projekt där t.ex. delar av tekniken som återfinns i land placeras ut på fartyg för att testas och utvärderas under en period.

Using ship positional data to study maritime traffic calling at Swedish ports from has long been an underutilized potential. In this project, the possibilities of using information from the automatic identification system (AIS) are investigated, including how this information can be used to complement the official statistics covering maritime traffic calling at Swedish ports. 

Using AIS, it is possible to track and compile the movements of individual vessels in the Baltic Sea, Kattegatt and the eastern parts of Skagerack through the geographic positioning signals sent by ships approximately every ten seconds. In order to use this information, some sort of method is needed to handle the generated amounts of data. In this project, a method has been developed which can be briefly described as consisting of two steps. In the first step, the amount of AIS data is limited by filtering out the datapoints wherein ships pass in and out of ports. For every passage in and out of a port there is a corresponding date and time. In the second step, the port calls are sequenced chronologically so that a vessel’s pattern of movement through the Baltic Sea area can be tracked. Finally, these datapoints can be matched against the information regarding dates, which is available in the official statistics. This matching process allows the resulting database of voyages and port calls to be complemented with loaded and unloaded cargo volumes in Swedish ports. Using the created database, the development of maritime traffic calling at Swedish ports can be studied during the period 2007 to 2018.

This study assesses information of the utilisation of alternative fuels within shipping. Alternative fuels for shipping, refers to fuels not conventionally used for maritime purposes and include biofuels, as well as electricity, LNG, and methanol. Alternative fuels are today (to varying degree) fossil-based but could, in the future, be produced from fossil free feedstocks and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants from shipping. This study includes Swedish domestic shipping and international (departing or arriving in Swedish ports) liner shipping.

In addition to describing the utilisation of alternative fuels and the trends in the fuel utilisation the objective is also to describe properties of the shipping, including patterns of ship movement, distances and frequency for routes, velocities etc, to be used in future studies to analyse the potential for transition to fossil free propulsion. The established datasets have also been used for making a rough estimate of the potential to replace fuel consumption by electricity within the ship categories with the highest estimated share of liner shipping.

The study includes the following data collection:

• Literature and other information from researchers, authorities and the shipping industry concerning the use of alternative fuels.
• Questionnaires to shipping companies conducting domestic shipping and international liner shipping.
• Two datasets based on ship-movement data (AIS-data) during 2019 for ships within the Baltic Sea, including Skagerrak and Kattegat, and the Shipair-model, assessed by SMHI.
• Information on how the shipping industry works with the transition towards fossil free conditions based on the summary of a digital workshop organized within the project.

The results show that for domestic and international shipping it is ropax, tanker and general cargo ships that stands for the largest shares of the fuel consumption.

According to our analysis ropaxes and passenger ferries have the highest share of liner shipping. Also, passenger cruises and vehicle carriers’ categories have a certain amount of such liner shipping.

This study explores the stricter cap on the sulfur content in marine fuel implemented in seas in north-western Europe in 2015. The analysis is built on a difference-in-differences design that compares outcomes in coastal areas before and after the tightening of the sulfur cap, to the outcomes in control areas over the same period. The results show that the new sulfur cap reduced annual average ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in coastal areas by 22 percent and levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by 6 percent, compared to control areas. In the subsample with available air quality readings, the sulfur cap led to a 7 percent reduction in the risk of low birthweight in coastal areas. The estimated improvements provide a benchmark for assessing the benefits of tightening sulfur standards in other settings. © 2021 The Author(s)

The aim of the project was to propose education and training initiatives within the environmental area for the shipping sector, after having identified competence needs among shipping companies, authorities and other actors. The participants in the project have exchanged experiences of previous education programs and discussed how research results and innovations can be incorporated into new courses, be used more efficiently, and contribute to an environmentally sustainable maritime development. 

Initially, a survey of current environmental education programs that are applicable to the shipping sector was carried out. The survey included educational programs in environmental science at Swedish universities, and courses with an environmental theme that are included in maritime-related educations at university level, higher vocational education level and upper secondary school level. 

Subsequently, 12 in-depth interviews were conducted with key persons at various positions at small and large shipping companies, harbours, authorities and other organisations. The companies have different needs, but they have much in common in terms of training needs. The interviews resulted in four themes which served as a basis for a subsequent workshop, where participants discussed (1) Knowledge needs and training design, (2) Driving forces and obstacles, (3) Agents for change, (4) General environmental knowledge and environmental culture. 

At the workshop, it was stated that basic education to a larger extent should encourage critical thinking and develop abilities to examine and compare different technical and other solutions to obtain an environmentally sustainable shipping sector. A change in pedagogical method may be needed in current courses. A course that was considered important by all participants was Eco-driving. It was considered to be economically efficient and to influence behaviour and hopefully attitudes to environmental work. 

Necessary competence to work with environmental issues has previously been obtained from internal and external courses as well as from networks within the industry. The competence needs identified can be summarised in two areas. The first need is technical knowledge, to be able to meet the diversity of new environmental technology and new energy carriers. The second need is a general environmental knowledge to increase the understanding of work with environmental challenges, that is, to influence attitudes and behaviours of individuals but also the environmental culture within the organisation. The forms of different training initiatives should be adapted to suit different companies and organisations. In this report, proposals for credit-bearing courses at universities, continuing professional development courses at universities, and in-house courses are presented. The participating organisations showed a great interest in the work needed to reduce the environmental impact of shipping.

Syftet med denna PM är att, utifrån historiska trender, prognoser och aktuell litteratur beskriva möjlig utveckling framöver för godstransporter på sjön. Statistik om volym och typ av gods som transporteras redovisas, och den grå och akademiska litteraturen på området beskrivs. 

Under perioden 2010–2020 är såväl mängden anlöp, godsvolymer som genomsnittlig bruttodräktighet i svenska hamnar på totalen relativt konstanta. Däremot har stora förändringar skett vad gäller olika fartygstyper och enskilda hamnar. Antal anlöp och godsvolymer med gastankfartyg har ökat medan en minskning har skett för oljetank- och tankfartyg. 

Det har inte skett någon ökad koncentration, beräknat som de fem största hamnarnas andel av de totala anlöpen och godsvolymerna. För containerfartyg är bilden likartad, även här har andelen anlöp och godsvolymer i de fem största containerhamnarna varit relativt konstanta under perioden. Något annat som talar emot att sjöfarten koncentreras mot färre hamnar är att antalet hamnar med anlöp inte har minskat under perioden. 

Sjöfarten har tappat marknadsandelar till väg och har inte utvecklats i linje med den tillväxttakt och ökning av import- och exportvolymer för samtliga trafikslag som kan observeras under perioden 2010–2020. Det finns inte mycket som tyder på att denna trend kommer att brytas framöver. På grund av en övergång till en mer serviceorienterad ekonomi och en kraftigt ökad e-handel, en fortsatt elektrifiering och godkännandet av 74-tonslastbilar, finns snarare anledning att tro att en fortsatt försämrad konkurrenssituation för sjöfarten gentemot vägtransporter är att vänta framöver.

The aim of this project has been to explore future shipping centering around the human operators in the system. The ambition has been to offer a complementary perspective to ongoing technical developments and to put these into a social and organizational context. This report’s purpose has been to provide supportive information to administrations, the shipping industry and maritime vocational programs. Another goal has been to provide a clearer picture of the future, which hopefully will interest more young people for professions in the shipping industry.

The role of human operators in future shipping has been explored based on two complementary perspectives, a sociological and a sociotechnical perspective. The main approach has been to collect, analyze and summarize attitudes, opinions and points of views of relevant actors. Data has been collected through focus groups with the advisory board, active seagoing officer and personnel in the maritime vocational education, as well as interviews with pilots and VTS-personnel. Further a survey was sent to all officers in the Swedish seafarer’s registry. In the beginning, two SWOT analyses (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) were conducted to provide a basis to the development of three different scenarios for future vessel concepts: vessel with less manning, convoy vessels, and vessel that is unmanned and supervised from shore for larger parts of the voyage. The vessel concepts were used in focus groups and semi-structured interviews to analyze the role of human operators, the organization of future traffic, resilience and potential competence demands in future shipping.

The results show that the timeline for the implementation of different vessel concepts will certainly differ depending on the area of operation. The process will occur successively from well-protected test-areas towards routes in open waters. However, it is has been estimated that Swedish un-manned vessel operations in more established form will first be found in territorial coastal waters. The problem of operational responsibility is believed to become particularly difficult with unmanned vessels in international traffic.

However, it has become clear that if the vessels become unmanned, the problem of operational responsibility becomes difficult to solve. Further, the results also show that the Swedish vocational training has the potential to quickly adapt to these changes. The results from the survey show that officers lack confidence and trust in the development towards unmanned traffic.Further, it might be hard to recruit older and more experienced officers to work ashore. However, nautical science and marine engineering student show a more positive attitude towards working in a shore-based center. The FRAM-analysis shows that the complexity of traffic organization and management is likely to increase with the introduction of unmanned vessels. It is anticipated that shore-based centers will not be able to substitute current services, such as pilotage or VTS. Thus, an increased need to communicate and coordinate across actors, such as pilots, VTS, port, may arise.

The project’s results show that the complexity of change in the transport system is likely to require a systems approach to ensure that different perspectives and voices are acknowledge. It is not about developing the right technology, or services, but rather about understanding how various aspects, such as infrastructure, job motivation, competence demands, organization, and leadership will be affected by change.

Commissioned by the Swedish Transport Administration, VTI summarizes cost-benefit analyzes and available research when it comes to impacts of interventions on maritime safety and air emissions. We also suggest ways forward to measure these impacts in a more structured and reliable manner.

We show that analyzes of interventions aimed at improving maritime safety in Sweden and Norway mostly build on expertise within the field and on available data on accidents. This approach, though often well executed, is not considered robust enough, and therefore methods mentioned in available research are proposed that can increase the validity of the estimation of impacts on maritime safety. A considerable advantage that maritime transport has to road transport is the fact that most ships are equipped with an AIS-transponder (AIS stands for Automatic Identification System), making it possible to track ships and with mathematical models find near miss collisions and calculate probabilities for collisions and groundings. We believe this approach, combined with expertise within the field, would result in higher validity of the estimated impacts of interventions.

The impacts of policies and measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution are derived based on measurements of actual emissions of various substances. We see a need for improving the description of the impacts of interventions on the emissions by including details regarding the fuels (incl. electricity) used, the vessels and speeds etc. One concrete suggestion is to develop an AIS-based system that complements the national freight transport model Samgods. The idea is to use this system as a database and analysis tool. Furthermore, we would like to stress that it is necessary to apply the same principles in the development of “impact interventions” regarding air emissions for different modes of transport. All in all, we believe that it is possible to develop methods for estimating the impacts of interventions regarding maritime safety and emissions to air of the same quality as the corresponding methods for road transport.

This report is part of the Carrot and Sticks project which has the overall objective to analyse policy instruments and measures that most cost-effectively can reduce air emissions from maritime transport in Sweden. The objective of the study presented in this report is to assess cost estimates for abatement options for measures reducing air emissions of Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxides (NOX), particular matter (PM) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from shipping, along with estimates of emission reductions. The emission reductions in turn contribute to the fulfilment of the Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives; Clean Air, Natural Acidification Only, Zero Eutrophication and Reduced Climate Impact. The results in this report are used as input in a simplified cost-benefit analysis, that is used to derive policy recommendations

Shore hardness measurements subject rubber bodies to standardized indentations. While easily performed, the measurements are subject to uncertainties. Although typical variances for Shore hardness are found in standards, operator and instrument effects are not well described, requiring statistically designed experiments to estimate effects and variance components. This paper focuses on uncertainty in Shore A hardness measurements of tyre tread elements and quantifies operator and instrument effects. Evaluation of uncertainty of Shore A measurements were performed on tyres under controlled conditions using three instruments, two tyres and five operators. Results show that the operator variance component and instrument effects are larger than the reference variance contribution in ISO 11819-3:2017. The interaction between operator and instrument is estimated to be the largest source of variation, while operator and instrument main effects are of similar size as the error component. Recommendations to reduce uncertainties include ignoring instantaneous values and requiring an instrument stand. © 2020 The Author(s)

Managing modern merchant vessels is quite challenging task for shipboard personnel, as well as for shore-based managers in shipping companies. The risks are more so accentuated in terms of vessels that carry dangerous and volatile cargoes, such as tanker vessels. Modern industrial disasters have demonstrated that organizations have a considerable role to play in terms of ensuring adequate safety climate in day-to-day operations at the sharp end. This study explores Critical Success Factors (CSFs) that are necessary for tanker vessel managers to ensure that the ships operate as safe as possible. A literature review focused on the shipping industry and tanker vessels in specific, revealed CSFs such as – human factors, technical factors, environmental factors, organizational factors, regulatory factors, and economic factors, as well several sub factors. The results can provide a basis for further systematic analyses of the CSFs and how they are perceived by the shipping managers in their order of relative importance.

Debatt: Pandemin har lett till svåra arbetsförhållanden för sjöfolk. De hålls isolerade ombord, vilket ökar ohälsan och har lett till konflikter och våld. Det rapporteras om tio självmord bland sjömän som varit fast på fartyg. Fyra arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöforskare på Linnéuniversitetet kräver i en debattartikel att ombordanställda ges rättmätig status som samhällsviktiga arbetare.

Detta är en delrapport i Projektet Hållbar inlandssjöfart – offentlig upphandling som katalysator. En utgångspunkt för projektet är regeringens nationella godstransportstrategi där det framgår att en överflyttning av godstransporter från väg till järnväg och sjöfart ska främjas. Syftet med delrapporten är att utgöra ett kunskapsunderlag för att bättre förstå förutsättningarna för att bedriva inlandssjöfart i Sverige. Vi beskriver hur arbetet med inlandssjöfarten organiseras i Sverige och vilken roll offentlig upphandling och regelverk spelar för inlandssjöfartens konkurrenssituation. Praktiska erfarenheter vid offentliga upphandlingar i Stockholmsområdet med koppling till inlandssjöfart redovisas också. Jämförelser görs med Nederländerna, Tyskland, Belgien och Frankrike, länder med en betydligt högre andel inlandssjöfart av det totala transportarbetet jämfört med Sverige. I den huvudrapport som kommer publiceras under våren 2021 studeras även samhällsekonomiska effekter av att använda inre vattenvägar istället för vägar vid godstransporter i olika relevanta transportscenarier. Huvudrapporten kommer också innehålla förslag på riktlinjer för hur offentlig upphandling kan ta hänsyn till inlandssjöfarten som ett transportalternativ.

Sediments in ports, marinas and waterways around the world are often contaminated with metals arising from anthropogenic activities. Regular dredging is needed to achieve an appropriate water depth and reduce the environmental impact of pollutants. The aim of this study was to develop an integrated assessment method for comparing various management strategies for dredged sediments at six case study sites in Sweden. Short- and long-term environmental impacts were investigated for different management approaches, including landfilling, deep-sea disposal, metal extraction in combination with the two aforementioned, and natural recovery (no dredging). The potential value of metals in the sediments was estimated using sediment metal contents and current metal prices. Additionally, an assessment of how metal extraction could result in lower management costs was carried out. The cost of the different management approaches was calculated and evaluated together with the corresponding environmental impacts. This study shows that there is a monetary value in dredged materials, in terms of metal content, and that the materials can potentially be used for metal extraction. Metal extraction may also help to reduce the management costs, as cleaner materials are cheaper to handle. The choice of metal recovery method is important in both monetary and environmental terms, potentially contributing to a circular economy. In the future, metal recovery may become more profitable, as technologies are improved, and due to probable increases in metal prices and landfill costs.

The use of maritime transport is associated with external costs such as those related to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. If corrective taxes, fees or regulations are levied on the production of maritime transport services, these costs become internal and decision-makers will take into account the full social cost of transport. Shipping is subject to less incentive-based regulation than e.g. road transport, but Sweden represents a relatively unique regulatory case with its national system of fairway dues, which are differentiated according the environmental performance of ships. The central question posed in this paper is whether Sweden's internalizing national transport policy measures are in proportion to the societal costs generated by maritime traffic in Swedish waters. Using a dataset comprising all vessel movements in Swedish territorial waters during a year, we estimate the marginal external and infrastructure costs of maritime traffic and find that, depending on the set of unit values applied, the degree of internalization ranges between around 53% and 90%. We also evaluate the effects of a recent re-appraisal of CO2 in the Swedish official guidelines for cost benefit analysis and show that under the new recommendation the degree of internalization is significantly lower: 23–28%. Because the degree of internalization varies significantly between different shipping segments, a uniform increase of the charges currently in place is not recommended. Instead, we highlight that other, more appropriate instruments for internalization may be needed. © 2020 The Authors

The extent of competition between maritime freight transport and land-based modes of freight transport is studied using different methods. Previous elasticity calculations with the Swedish national freight transport model Samgods are updated. The elasticity calculations made with the latest model version indicate slightly lower elasticities for shipping compared to the elasticities that were calculated earlier.

The elasticity estimates from an econometric approach using data from the Swedish commodity flow survey from 2016 indicates somewhat higher own-price elasticities.

A systematic review of studies which estimate own-price, cross-price or time elasticities of demand for maritime transport shows that this report’s modelled elasticities are on low in comparison to the international literature. The evaluation of how much freight could potentially be shifted focuses primarily on shifting volumes from road to sea. Decomposing the growth in freight transport work over the past years using a shift-share analysis technique shows that maritime transport lost market shares, primarily to road transport.

Shipping can be regarded as a high-risk domain with a large complexity in operations. Accidents and incidents may involve serious danger for seafarers and passengers, as well as for the environment and society at large. Education and training play a crucial role for the safe conduct of ships. While technical skills have been at the core of a mariner’s skillset, non-technical skills (NTS) have become increasingly important for the safe conduct of merchant vessels. Therefore, knowledge in NTS has become a mandatory requirement for officers serving on board. This knowledge is normally taught in courses labelled Bridge Resource Management, Engine room Resource Management, or Maritime Resource Management. While the number of courses in the industry is steadily increasing, research focused on NTS training and its relation to safety in operation seems sparse. This review article aims to provide an overview of scientific literature focused on training NTS for maritime operations published between 2000 and 2018. Based on the reviewed literature the article identifies and discusses current research gaps, trends and potential future directions to improve maritime resource management training.

This study presents a survey that has been conducted as part of a larger research project focused on crew resource management in the maritime domain. As research focused on this type of training is currently limited, the Ship Management Attitude Questionnaire (SMAQ) developed by a Swedish marine insurance company, has been adopted to explore NTS knowledge of fourth year students in a maritime education program. Thirty-one students within the maritime academy’s Nautical Science (n = 21) and Marine Engineering (n = 10) programs participated in the survey. The age of the participants ranged between 22 and 46 years (M = 26.6, SD = 5.79). The results show that the questionnaire as is, is maladapted to explore NTS. It is also indicated that practices trained are not always encountered in the work onboard. The article concludes with a discussion on how to potentially improve the evaluation and assessment of NTS in maritime degree programs.