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Biomethane for Fossil-Free Freight: Understanding Roles, Experiences and Engagements Among Logistics Stakeholders
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. Logistics and Quality Management, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4474-4047
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To meet international and national climate goals and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) generated from logistics, the use of fossil-free fuels in freight transport is necessary. While research concerning the technical implementation of fossil-free fuels has made progress, research pertaining to the impact fossil-free fuel use will have of logistics stakeholders has not been researched at length. Logistics stakeholders are organizations that provide, complete or purchase logistics services. This doctoral thesis explores how the use of biomethane as a fossil-free fuel in road freight affects logistics stakeholders and their relationships with each other. While electrification presently dominates green logistics research, biomethane remains underrepresented despite its range, similarities to diesel, local production and encouragement to a more circular economy. The purpose of the doctoral kappa is to increase understanding of how using biomethane in road freight affects logistics stakeholders and their relationships.

To fulfill the purpose, three research questions were posed. The first, What roles do logistics stakeholders take when utilizing biomethane in road freight?, resulted in findings revealing that logistics stakeholders assumed dynamic roles based upon activity and influence. Activity pertains to the operations undertaken by logistics stakeholders in completing the road freight transport, such as coordination or driving of vehicles. Influence pertains to logistics stakeholders’ ability to either directly or indirectly impact the operations of another logistics stakeholder.

The second research question, Which drivers and barriers do logistics stakeholders experience when utilizing biomethane in road freight?, resulted in the identification of drivers and barriers experienced by the logistics stakeholders within the dimensions of technology, customer, organizational culture, costs, society and policy. Organizational culture was revealed to be experienced as the most telling driver for the use of biomethane in road freight. An involved and encouraging management eased the transition to biomethane. The cost dimension, however, proved to not be a large barrier for logistics stakeholders as expected from green logistics literature.

The last research question, How do logistics stakeholders engage with one another when biomethane is utilized in road freight?, resulted in identification of engagement approaches to understand interactions amongst logistics stakeholders when using biomethane in road freight. A logistics stakeholder’s engagement was determined by their role and experiences of drivers and barriers. The identified engagement approaches included collaboration, consultation, dissemination, assess and submit. For example, Haulier took submit as an engagement approach on the use of biomethane in road freight building off its role and experience of drivers and barriers. This kappa expands the use of stakeholder engagement by realizing a connection between engagement approach and expected response.

Empirical data were collected through a systematic literature review, two case studies, interview studies, and document analysis within the Swedish context, focusing on logistics stakeholders’ use of biomethane in road freight.

Abstract [sv]

För att nå internationella och nationella klimatmål och minska det koldioxidutsläpp (CO2) som genereras av logistik, är användningen av fossilfria bränslen inom godstransporter nödvändig. Även om forskning kring den tekniska implementeringen av fossilfria bränslen har gjort framsteg, har forskningen kring vilka påverkan användningen av fossilfria bränslen har på logistikaktörer ännu inte studerats i samma omfattning. Logistikaktörer är organisationer som koordinerar, utför eller köper logistiktjänster. Denna doktorsavhandling utforskar hur användningen av biogas som fossilfritt bränsle i vägtransporter påverkar logistikaktörer och deras relationer med varandra. Trots att elektrifiering för närvarande dominerar forskningen om grön logistik, är biogas fortfarande underrepresenterat trots dess räckvidd, likheter med diesel, lokala produktion och främjande av en mer cirkulär ekonomi. Syftet med denna kappatext är att öka förståelsen för hur användningen av biogas i vägtransporter påverkar logistikaktörer och deras relationer.

För att uppnå syftet formulerades tre forskningsfrågor. Den första, Vilka roller tar logistikaktörer när de använder biogas i vägtransporter?, resulterade i fynd som visar att logistikaktörer antar dynamiska roller baserat på aktivitet och inflytande. Aktivitet avser de operationer som utförs av logistikaktörer i genomförandet av vägtransporter, såsom koordinering eller framförande av fordon. Inflytande avser logistikaktörernas förmåga att direkt eller indirekt påverka en annan logistikaktörs operationer.

Den andra forskningsfrågan, Vilka drivkrafter och hinder upplever logistikaktörer när de använder biogas i vägtransporter?, ledde till identifiering av drivkrafter och hinder som logistikaktörer upplever inom dimensionerna teknik, kund, organisationskultur, kostnader, samhälle och policy. Organisationskultur visade sig vara den mest avgörande drivkraften för användning av biogas i vägtransport. Ett engagerat och uppmuntrande ledarskap underlättade övergången till biogas. Kostnadsdimensionen visade sig däremot inte utgöra ett så stort hinder för logistikaktörer som förväntat utifrån litteraturen om grön logistik.

Den tredje forskningsfrågan, Hur engagerar sig logistikaktörer med varandra när biogas används i vägtransporter?, resulterade i identifiering av engagement approach för att förstå interaktionerna mellan logistikaktörer vid användning av biogas i vägtransport. En logistikaktörs engagemang bestämdes av dess roll och upplevelser av drivkrafter och hinder. De identifierade engagement approach inkluderade collaboration, consultation, dissemination, assess och submit. Till exempel använde åkeri submit som engagemangsmetod för användningen av biogas i vägtransporter, baserat på deras roll och erfarenheter av drivkrafter och hinder. Denna kappa utvecklar förståelsen för stakeholder engagement genom att skapa en koppling mellan engagemangsmetod och förväntad respons.

Empiriska data samlades in genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt, två fallstudier, intervjustudier och dokumentanalys i svensk kontext, med fokus på logistikaktörers användning av biometan i vägtransporter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. , p. 133
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2522
Keywords [en]
Logistics, Fossil-free fuel, Biomethane, Stakeholder Theory, Stakeholder Engagement
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22597DOI: 10.3384/9789181185614ISBN: 9789181185607 (print)ISBN: 9789181185614 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-22597DiVA, id: diva2:2048981
Public defence
2026-04-24, ACAS, A Building, Campus Valla, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport AdministrationAvailable from: 2026-03-26 Created: 2026-03-26 Last updated: 2026-03-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Exploring green logistics practices in freight transport and logistics: a study of biomethane use in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring green logistics practices in freight transport and logistics: a study of biomethane use in Sweden
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, ISSN 1367-5567, Vol. 26, no 5, p. 548-567Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Logistics networks need to conform to arising market trends and public requirements for greening freight transport through a series of Green Logistics Practices (GLPs). This study sets out to explore the use of fossil-free fuels as a GLP and possible influence on business strategy and system design. A literature review was conducted which concluded that literature about the use of fossil-free fuels is limited. An explorative interview study was conducted to further explore the use of biomethane among actors in logistics networks. Customers increasingly request green freight transport typically accepting moderately higher prices for green transport. Development of green logistics services is predominately driven by corporate stakeholders and internal initiatives, while public regulation appeared to have a weak influence. The study revealed new insights into how GLPs can relate to each other.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2023
Keywords
Biomethane; freight transport; green logistics practice; fossil-free fuel; explorative study
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19090 (URN)10.1080/13675567.2022.2100332 (DOI)
Conference
Logistics Research Network (LRN) Conference 2021
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2022-10-21 Created: 2022-10-21 Last updated: 2026-03-26Bibliographically approved
2. Stakeholder engagement in biomethane-fueled logistics: an embedded case study from Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Stakeholder engagement in biomethane-fueled logistics: an embedded case study from Sweden
2025 (English)In: Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, ISSN 2772-3909, Vol. 16, article id 100251Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose

The need to decarbonize logistics is pressing. In implementing fossil-free fuels, like biomethane, involved actors perceive drivers and barriers have been described at a surface level in green logistics literature. However, actors act in the context of each other, and there lacks research to understand the effects these drivers and barriers may have on actor relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how actors are influenced and influence other actors when using biomethane in logistics.

Design/Methodology/Approach

This study is an embedded case study of a Swedish regional logistics network that has implemented biomethane. The embedded case study is built upon three rounds of interviews: explorative and semi-structured. The analysis is guided by theory on stakeholder engagement to understand the relationship aspects.

Findings

The actors included in the case study perceived drivers and barriers identified in literature to various degrees. These perceptions later affected how they engaged with each other to implement biomethane. Stakeholder engagement in this case study occurred as collaboration, disseminate, and assessing as result of the actor’s perceptions. One example is how organizational culture influences how actors engage in transition to fossil-free fuels.

Originality

This research sheds light on a fossil-free fuel not commonly researched. It also expands the existing research on drivers and barriers by exploring their effect on actor relationships. Use of stakeholder engagement theoretical lens provides depth in understanding of this phenomenon while also proposing further stakeholder engagement. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Drivers and barriers, Green logistics, Biomethane, Case study, Fossil-free fuel, Stakeholder engagement, Regional logistics network
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22139 (URN)10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100251 (DOI)2-s2.0-105011748786 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2025-08-08 Created: 2025-08-08 Last updated: 2026-03-26Bibliographically approved
3. Defining & exploring support for fossil-free road freight
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Defining & exploring support for fossil-free road freight
2025 (English)In: Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain, E-ISSN 2772-3909, Vol. 16, article id 100230Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Road freight is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the European Union, yet decarbonization is slow. Transition to fossil-free fuels in the logistics sphere is emerging from an innovation phase to where early adopters have begun to undertake decarbonization into their operation. To decarbonize road freight, logistics actors, such as hauliers and freight forwarders, need to feel supported. However, it is uncertain how support may be defined or impact logistics actors. Thus, leading to the purpose of this study: To define and explore support for logistics actors using fossil-free fuels.

Methods: This is a mixed-method paper utilizing both document analysis (69 documents) and an interview study (12 interviews). Selection of these documents and interview respondents follow a purposive sampling state.

Findings: Findings of the document analysis show that support for biomethane-fueled road freight in a regional context may originate from four actor types: government, business, logistics or societal. The resulting support types may be defined as managerial, financial, social or layered. From the interview study, layered support in using biomethane in road freight proved to be the most influential for logistics actors.

Original/Value: Within green logistics literature, the use of document analysis as a method is not common. This research utilizes documents that have otherwise gone unrecognized to shed light on a topical issue.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Biomethane, Document Analysis, Interview Study, Logistics, Road Freight, Support
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22076 (URN)10.1016/j.clscn.2025.100230 (DOI)001511476200001 ()2-s2.0-10500803405 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2025-06-23 Created: 2025-06-23 Last updated: 2026-03-26Bibliographically approved

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