The transition to low-carbon transportation necessitates a re-evaluation of resilience metrics. Current metrics, designed for a fossil-fuel-driven transport system and a centralized energy system, are inadequate for decentralized systems dependent on diverse energy sources. New transport fuels introduce new transport risks, including system integration challenges, peak loads, and grid disruptions. In addition, the interconnected nature of modern infrastructure can lead to cascading failures, underscoring the need for a comprehensive resilience framework. Previous studies stress the growing impact of climate change on infrastructure and the importance of integrating this into resilience planning. This study focuses on the adequacy of resilience metrics in a future decarbonized transport-energy system. It applies an analytical framework to existing resilience measures and proposes examples of metrics that could be useful in the future.

The study uses a multi-system dynamics (MSD) framework to evaluate system-level resilience in decarbonized transportation systems. The MSD framework considers transportation as a "system of systems," integrating transport modes, infrastructure components, and energy sources. In this approach, resilience is an emergent property at the system level, influenced by the interactions and dependencies among subsystems. The study employs scenario analysis and cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to assess the economic impacts and benefits of resilience investments. Scenario analysis helps explore uncertainties and develop robust strategies, while CBA evaluates the trade-offs between different investment options, considering both direct and indirect benefits of resilience measures.

This study highlights the importance of integrating robust decision-making into strategic planning. By employing scenario analysis, stakeholders can better navigate uncertainties and develop adaptive strategies that enhance the overall resilience of transportation systems. Future research focuses on refining resilience metrics and integrating them into practical decision-making processes, ensuring that infrastructure investments are both effective and economically viable. This holistic approach will be crucial for developing transportation systems that can withstand and recover from the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change and the transition to low-carbon energy sources.