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Reduced autonomy workspace (RAW): an interaction design approach for human-automation cooperation
Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden; Department of Research and Innovation and Digitalization, Air Navigation Services of Sweden (LFV), Norrköping, Sweden; Department of Systems and Development, Air Navigation Services of Sweden (LFV), Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7917-5924
Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3228-3626
Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8862-7331
2022 (English)In: Cognition, Technology & Work, ISSN 1435-5558, E-ISSN 1435-5566, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 261-273Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Lack of support for handling a reduction of autonomy in a highly autonomous automation may lead to a stressful situation for a human when forced to take over. We present a design approach, the Reduced Autonomy Workspace, to address this. The starting point is that the human and the automation work together in parallel control processes, but at different levels of autonomy cognitive control, such as setting goals or implementing plans, which is different from levels of automation. When autonomy is reduced, the automation should consult the human by providing information that has been aligned to the level at which the human is working, and the timing of the provision should be adapted to suit the human’s work situation. This is made possible by allowing the automation to monitor the human in a separate process. The combination of these processes, information level alignment and timing of the presentation, are the key characteristics of the Reduced Autonomy Workspace. The Reduced Autonomy Workspace consists of four phases: Identification of the need; evaluation of whether, and, if so, when, and how to present information; perception and response by the human; implementation of a solution by the automation. The timing of the information presentation should be adapted in real-time to provide flexibility, while the level of the information provided should be tuned offline and kept constant to provide predictability. Use of the Reduced Autonomy Workspace can reduce the risk for surprising, stressful hand-over situations, and the need to monitor the automation to avoid them.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022. Vol. 24, no 2, p. 261-273
Keywords [en]
Reduced autonomy workspace, Levels of autonomy in cognitive control, Joint control framework, Air traffic management, Levels of automation, Automation ironies
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21341DOI: 10.1007/s10111-022-00695-2ISI: 000746814300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85123488293OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-21341DiVA, id: diva2:1916496
Projects
F-AUTO
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2018/41347Linköpings universitetAvailable from: 2024-11-27 Created: 2024-11-27 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Flexible Automation in Air Traffic Control Through Adaptation of Human-Automation Collaboration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Flexible Automation in Air Traffic Control Through Adaptation of Human-Automation Collaboration
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The approach for the dissertation has been to use the known problems and issues with automation as a starting point, and then decompose that complex of problems and explore them to find possible solutions. Initiation of communication between automation and human, how and when it is performed, were identified as one critical point in the human-automation collaboration. This insight formed the basis for the two main concepts presented in this dissertation. The first concept is the Reduced Autonomy Workspace (RAW), a design approach that describes the process of when a highly autonomous automation needs to consult the human working together with the automation. Focus is on the temporal aspects, but it also includes transformation of the information content to reduce the cognitive effort on the human receiving the information. A visualization for future automation using glyphs based on the same principles was developed to support the RAW design approach. The glyphs were evaluated in workshops with operators from air traffic control, vessel traffic service, and train traffic management, respectively. The second main concept is a new type of attention support, Soft Visual Cues (SVC). The SVC complements other types of attention support which may, due to the automation’s lack of knowledge of the overall situation, draw the operator’s attention away from something potentially more important. Different designs were evaluated in operator workshops and tested by other air traffic controllers in a series of real-time simulations. In addition to these concepts, studies have also been performed to explore and gain a deeper knowledge of how the involved control processes can be understood, the effect of entangled control processes, and how domain specific prerequisites are reflected in the control processes.

Abstract [sv]

Utgångspunkten i avhandlingen är de redan kända utmaningarna med ökad automation och från det har problematiken brutits ner för att hitta förslag på lösningar. Ett avgörande moment i samarbetet mellan människa och automation är när automationen initierar kommunikation med människan. Den insikten har resulterat i två centrala koncept som presenteras i avhandlingen. Det första konceptet är designansatsen Reduced Autonomy Workspace (RAW) som beskriver hur anpassning av kommunikation mellan automation och människa kan utformas för situationer när automationen måste konsultera människan. De temporala aspekterna är mycket viktiga och designansatsen inkluderar också hur automationen ska transformera informationen till ett format som kräver så lite kognitiv ansträngning som möjligt för människan. En glyfbaserad visualisering för användning i framtida högautomatiserade system baserad på designansatsen RAW togs fram och utvärderades i ett an-tal workshops med operativa domänexperter från flygtrafikledning, sjötrafikinformationstjänst och tågtrafikledning. Det andra konceptet är en ny typ av visualiseringskoncept för uppmärksamhetsstöd, Soft Visual Cues (SVC), eller mjuka visuella påminnelser. Mjuka visuella påminnelser kompletterar andra typer av uppmärksamhetsstöd som aktivt drar uppmärksamheten till sig, vilket kan vara ett problem om användaren är upptagen med något viktigare som automationen på grund av en bristande helhetsbild inte känner till. Olika designalternativ utvärderades i workshopform tillsammans med flygledare och den föredragna designen testades sedan i realtidssimuleringar med andra flygledare. Utöver de framarbetade koncepten har också studier genomförts för att skapa en djupare förståelse för de ingående kontrollprocesserna, hur de påverkar varandra och hur domänspecifika förutsättningar avspeglas i dem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 99
Series
Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2343
Keywords
Human-Automation Collaboration, Flexible Automation, Interactive Information Visualization, Air Traffic Control
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21342 (URN)10.3384/9789180753371 (DOI)9789180753180 (ISBN)9789180753371 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-12, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-27 Created: 2024-11-27 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved

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