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Modelling operator control work across traffic management domains: implications for interaction design
Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8862-7331
Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Research, Innovation, and Digitalization, Air Navigation Services of Sweden (LFV), Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7917-5924
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5356-5126
Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4714-5253
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2024 (English)In: Cognition, Technology & Work, ISSN 1435-5558, E-ISSN 1435-5566, Vol. 26, no 2, p. 281-299Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Traffic management in aviation, shipping, and rail transport shows similarities and dissimilarities in the work process. For example, they share the temporal aspect, but different levels of urgency in the control work set different requirements on monitoring, decisions, and actions. However, few studies have been presented that model and compare the different domains in terms of temporal decision-making. The Joint Control Framework (JCF) is an approach to analyse and temporally model operators’ control processes from a cognitive systems engineering perspective. In this study, we have used JCF to map, and compare, cognitive joints, such as perceptions, decisions, and actions, in temporally challenging control situations in air traffic control, maritime vessel traffic service, and train traffic management. Data was collected collaboratively with traffic operators, focusing on (1) identifying challenging traffic situations and (2) jointly modelling the temporal decision-making patterns of these situations using simplified JCF. Post-analysis was done by breaking down the results into different processes and comparing domains to ascertain how operators maintain control. An intermediate level of activity—between general monitoring and work with specific vehicles—was identified: processes-in-focus. A shared problem arises in the shift between general monitoring and the processes-in-focus. All processes-in-focus comprise cognitive joint cycles of perceptions, decisions, and actions. However, depending on the framing of processes-in-focus, the patterns of joints, such as temporal extension and complexity, differ. In the remainder of the article, implications for the interaction design, in particular the potential for human–AI/automation teaming with higher levels of automation and cognitive autonomy, are discussed. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2024. Vol. 26, no 2, p. 281-299
Keywords [en]
Interaction design, Temporal modelling, Traffic management, Cognitive systems engineering, Human–AI/automation teaming
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Computer Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20464DOI: 10.1007/s10111-024-00754-wISI: 001183431000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85187651775OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-20464DiVA, id: diva2:1845863
Projects
F-AUTO
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2018/41347Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2020/138317Available from: 2024-03-20 Created: 2024-03-20 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Flexible Automation in Air Traffic Control Through Adaptation of Human-Automation Collaboration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Flexible Automation in Air Traffic Control Through Adaptation of Human-Automation Collaboration
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The approach for the dissertation has been to use the known problems and issues with automation as a starting point, and then decompose that complex of problems and explore them to find possible solutions. Initiation of communication between automation and human, how and when it is performed, were identified as one critical point in the human-automation collaboration. This insight formed the basis for the two main concepts presented in this dissertation. The first concept is the Reduced Autonomy Workspace (RAW), a design approach that describes the process of when a highly autonomous automation needs to consult the human working together with the automation. Focus is on the temporal aspects, but it also includes transformation of the information content to reduce the cognitive effort on the human receiving the information. A visualization for future automation using glyphs based on the same principles was developed to support the RAW design approach. The glyphs were evaluated in workshops with operators from air traffic control, vessel traffic service, and train traffic management, respectively. The second main concept is a new type of attention support, Soft Visual Cues (SVC). The SVC complements other types of attention support which may, due to the automation’s lack of knowledge of the overall situation, draw the operator’s attention away from something potentially more important. Different designs were evaluated in operator workshops and tested by other air traffic controllers in a series of real-time simulations. In addition to these concepts, studies have also been performed to explore and gain a deeper knowledge of how the involved control processes can be understood, the effect of entangled control processes, and how domain specific prerequisites are reflected in the control processes.

Abstract [sv]

Utgångspunkten i avhandlingen är de redan kända utmaningarna med ökad automation och från det har problematiken brutits ner för att hitta förslag på lösningar. Ett avgörande moment i samarbetet mellan människa och automation är när automationen initierar kommunikation med människan. Den insikten har resulterat i två centrala koncept som presenteras i avhandlingen. Det första konceptet är designansatsen Reduced Autonomy Workspace (RAW) som beskriver hur anpassning av kommunikation mellan automation och människa kan utformas för situationer när automationen måste konsultera människan. De temporala aspekterna är mycket viktiga och designansatsen inkluderar också hur automationen ska transformera informationen till ett format som kräver så lite kognitiv ansträngning som möjligt för människan. En glyfbaserad visualisering för användning i framtida högautomatiserade system baserad på designansatsen RAW togs fram och utvärderades i ett an-tal workshops med operativa domänexperter från flygtrafikledning, sjötrafikinformationstjänst och tågtrafikledning. Det andra konceptet är en ny typ av visualiseringskoncept för uppmärksamhetsstöd, Soft Visual Cues (SVC), eller mjuka visuella påminnelser. Mjuka visuella påminnelser kompletterar andra typer av uppmärksamhetsstöd som aktivt drar uppmärksamheten till sig, vilket kan vara ett problem om användaren är upptagen med något viktigare som automationen på grund av en bristande helhetsbild inte känner till. Olika designalternativ utvärderades i workshopform tillsammans med flygledare och den föredragna designen testades sedan i realtidssimuleringar med andra flygledare. Utöver de framarbetade koncepten har också studier genomförts för att skapa en djupare förståelse för de ingående kontrollprocesserna, hur de påverkar varandra och hur domänspecifika förutsättningar avspeglas i dem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 99
Series
Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2343
Keywords
Human-Automation Collaboration, Flexible Automation, Interactive Information Visualization, Air Traffic Control
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21342 (URN)10.3384/9789180753371 (DOI)9789180753180 (ISBN)9789180753371 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-12, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-27 Created: 2024-11-27 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved

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