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Investigation of the structural response of pavements in cold region using instrumented test site data
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology. KTH, Byggnadsmaterial.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0370-3866
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The structural behaviour of pavement structures is known to be affected by the traffic-related loading and by the ambient factors to which the structure is subjected. A new mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design method is under development in Sweden with the main purpose to adequately predict pavement structural response and performance. An M-E design method for a flexible pavement means application of the principles of engineering mechanics to evaluate the response of pavement structure to traffic loading and much improved design methods to carry out distress prediction or how performance changes with time. This would ensure a fundamental understanding of how the pavement structure responds to a certain action or loading conditions. 

The mechanistic-empirical approach is more flexible as it is able to adapt to new situations such as new pavement materials and loading situations. It is important to take into account the real loading and climatic conditions and predict the resulting changes in material properties and structural behaviour at the time of loading as well as in the long-term. New models are therefore required for the further development of pavement design method, and it needs to be validated through reliable data obtained through realistic measurements.

In this licentiate thesis, the effects of the environmental factors and loading by heavy vehicles in pavements are investigated. The results of the study are based on environmental data from multiple locations in Sweden and on measurements from two instrumented road sections located near the village of Långträsk in the northern part of Sweden. Both roads consist of thin flexible pavements, the behaviour of which is highly dependent on the variation of the temperature of the asphalt layer, the moisture content in the unbound granular layers, and frost depth conditions.

The licentiate report consists of three scientific publications. 

Paper 1 presents a country-specific case study in which the frost penetration depth in various Swedish roads is predicted by a statistically derived empirical model that uses the air freezing index calculated from the air temperature as an input. The model correlation is based on meteorological data from 44 meteorological stations and pavement cross-sectional temperature distribution data from 49 road weather information system (RWIS) stations over all five climatic zones throughout all of Sweden.

Paper 2 focuses on the response of an instrumented test section subjected to loading by falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and heavy vehicles. The mechanical response instrumentation consisted of asphalt strain gauges (ASG), strain measuring units (εMU), and soil pressure cells (SPC) installed at different locations in the structure. The layer stiffness values were obtained via backcalculation based on the FWD surface deflections bowls. The recorded values of the mechanical response were compared against calculated values by multilayer elastic theory (MLET) based software. Three different heavy vehicles weighing from ~64 tons to ~74 tons were compared in terms of damage caused to the pavement structure. It was found that if the number of axles was increased and dual tyres were used, longer heavier vehicles were not more destructive to the pavement structure than shorter vehicles with fewer axles and higher axial load and tyre pressure.

In paper 3, the effect of the seasonal variation of the environmental factors on the behaviour of an instrumented road test section was investigated. The same loading configuration described in paper 2 was used on four different measurement campaigns in different seasons over the span of 1 year. The environmental variables were monitored throughout the year by asphalt thermocouples, a frost rod, and time-domain reflectometer (TDR) probes. The mechanical response sensors and the environmental sensors were found to be a reliable data collection method throughout the entire year. By comparing the recorded response values to the MLET calculated values, it was shown that it is possible to model the mechanical behaviour of pavement structures using linear-elastic MLET if the temperature variations in the asphalt layer and the moisture variations in the granular layers are taken into account.

Abstract [sv]

Utvecklingen av det strukturella tillståndet av vägbyggnader är beroende av trafikmängd samt vägkonstruktionens omgivningsfaktorer. En mekanistisk-empiriskdimensioneringsmetod för vägkonstruktioner är under utveckling i Sverige med huvudsyftet att på realistiskt sätt kunna förutsäga vägens respons och tillståndsutveckling. En M-E dimensionering betyder att man applicerar mekanistiska grundprinciper för att bestämma vägkonstruktionens respons under trafikbelastning och tillämpar sedan överföringsfunktioner för att förutsäga nedbrytningsförloppet. Att använda en mekanistiskt baserad metod innebär att man får en grundläggande förståelse av hur vägkonstruktionen svarar på en specifik påverkan eller belastning. Detta mera realistiska tillvägagångsätt ger dessutom ökad flexibilitet och gör att metoden kan appliceras vid nya belastningsfall eller under nya klimatförhållanden. Det blir därför möjligt att ta hänsyn till det riktiga belastningsfallet under de rätta klimatförhållandena. Detta gör att nyamodeller för vägkonstruktionens respons behövs och att dessa måste valideras för realistiska trafikbelastningsfall. I denna licentiatavhandling undersöks hur omgivningsvariabler och trafikbelastning från tunga lastbilar påverkar vägkonstruktioner. Resultat från denna studie bygger på omgivningsdata från ett stort antal mätstationer i Sverige och från mätningar från två instrumenterade vägsträckor nära byn Långträski Norrland. Båda vägkonstruktionerna består av tunna vägöverbyggnader och därför är responsen starkt beroende av beläggningstemperaturen och fuktinnehållet i vägbyggnadens obundna lager samt frostdjupet.Rapporten bygger på tre publikationer.Första artikeln presenterar hur frostdjup i svenska vägar kan förutsägas utifrån en statistisk modell som använder ett frostindex beräknat från lufttemperaturen. Modellen bygger på en anpassning av data från 44 meteorologiska väderstationer och 49 av Trafikverkets väderinformationsstationer distribuerade över alla fem klimatzoner i Sverige. Den andra artikeln fokuserar på responsmätningar från en instrumenterad vägtestplats där både fallvikt samt tunga lastbilar har använts för lastgenerering. Den vägtekniska instrumenteringen bestod av asfalttöjningsgivare (ASG), trycktöjningsgivare (MU), och jordtyckceller (SPC) installerade på olika djup. Styvhet av de olika lagren bakberäknades baserat på data från fallviktsmätningarna. De registrerade värdena från de vägtekniska givarna jämfördes med desom beräknades med hjälp av beräkningsverktyget ERAPave. Tre lastbilar med den totala tyngden mellan ~64 –~74 ton användes sedan för att jämföra deras relativa nedbrytningseffekt. Slutsatsen är att om antal axlar ökas med ökad tyngdoch om parmonterade däck användes är nedbrytningseffekten från 74 ton lastbil inte större än från en lättare lastbil med färre axlar. I artikel tre fokuseras det på effekten av hur klimatfaktorer påverkar vägkonstruktionens respons. Samma lastbilar som iden andra artikeln användes under fyra mätkampanjer vid olika tidpunkter på året. Omgivningsparametrarna registrerades i form av beläggningstemperatur och fukt i de obundna lagren samt frostdjupet. Vägens mekaniska respons beräknades genom att uppdatera styvhetsmodulerna utifrån beläggningens temperatur och de obundna lagrens med fuktkvoter och jämföra med de uppmätta responsvärdena. Beräkningsmetodiken visar sig ge bra överensstämmelse med det om uppmättes. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 2021. , p. 54
Keywords [en]
flexible pavement, environmental impact, seasonal variation, heavy loading, non-destructive testing, instrumented section
Keywords [sv]
Flexibla vägkonstruktioner, Omgivningspåverkan, Säsongvariation, Tung trafikbelastning, Oförstörande provning, Instrumenterade teststräckor
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering; Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-16082ISBN: 978-91-7873-807-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-16082DiVA, id: diva2:1538301
Presentation
2021-03-24, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61236233133, Du som saknar dator /datorvana kontakta Alvaro Guarin Cobo alvaro.guarin@abe.kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-03-18 Created: 2021-03-18 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Correlating Air Freezing Index and Frost Penetration Depth: A Case Study for Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Correlating Air Freezing Index and Frost Penetration Depth: A Case Study for Sweden
2020 (English)In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements: Mairepav9, Springer , 2020, Vol. 76, p. 847-857Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The determination of frost penetration is one of the main requirements in considering environmental effects in pavement design in cold regions. At the present time, the frost depth of pavements in Sweden is estimated computationally using computer software which approximates the heat equation by finite difference. Due to the geographical positioning of Sweden, a wide range of air freezing index and frost penetration depths were observed with lower values in the south and higher values in the north. This paper introduces a simplified design chart which is obtained by empirically correlating the air freezing index estimated from temperature measurements by 44 local meteorological stations to the maximum frost penetration depth obtained by 49 RWIS Road Weather Information Station data. The results are classified depending on their location and the climatic zones defined by the Swedish pavement design codes. Nonlinear prediction intervals are implemented to provide a range of possible frost penetration depths since local site conditions are not taken into account. Further research is required to consider local on-site effects such as frost susceptibility of pavement materials, the thermal conductivity of layers, access to water and snow covering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2020
Series
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-15427 (URN)10.1007/978-3-030-48679-2_79 (DOI)2-s2.0-85086986377 (Scopus ID)
Conference
9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements
Available from: 2020-07-08 Created: 2020-07-08 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
2. Damage investigation of thin flexible pavements to Longer Heavier Vehicle loading through instrumented road sections and numerical calculations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Damage investigation of thin flexible pavements to Longer Heavier Vehicle loading through instrumented road sections and numerical calculations
2021 (English)In: Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN 1468-0629, E-ISSN 2164-7402, Vol. 22, no S1, p. S575-S591Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Longer Heavier Vehicles provide an improvement in energy efficiency and environmental performance compared to traditional Heavy-Duty Vehicles. In Sweden, the maximum permissible vehicle gross weight has been increased from ∼64 to ∼74 tonnes without increasing the axle load limits. The consequence of this is investigated in this study. Response from two instrumented thin flexible pavements subjected to loading from three types of heavy vehicles (∼64, ∼68 and ∼74 tonnes) has been measured and the recordings were compared with numerical calculations based on 2D multilayer elastic calculations. Pavement damage contribution by the three vehicles was thereafter investigated. As long as the number of axles is increased to compensate for the increased vehicle loading and dual wheels are used, ∼74 tonnes vehicle are not more aggressive to the two thin pavement structures compared to the lighter vehicles with fewer axles but higher average axle loads and tyre pressure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2021
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-16080 (URN)10.1080/14680629.2021.1899964 (DOI)000639695700001 ()2-s2.0-85104368983 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-02-25 Created: 2021-03-18 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
3. Seasonal Variation of the Structural Response of a Thin Instrumented Flexible Pavement under Heavy Vehicle Loading
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Seasonal Variation of the Structural Response of a Thin Instrumented Flexible Pavement under Heavy Vehicle Loading
2021 (English)Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The seasonal variations of the climatic factors such as temperature, moisture, and freeze-thaw cycles are known to influence the material properties and structural behavior of flexible pavement structures. Mechanistic models are required to predict the behavior of the structure throughout the entire year including the winter frost and spring thaw periods. In this study, the mechanical response of an instrumented flexible pavement structure located in the north of Sweden has been investigated at four different times during a year under loading by falling weight deflectometer and three different long heavy vehicles (~64, ~68 and ~74 ton). The mechanical response values recorded by the sensors embedded in the structure have been compared to the numerical model values obtained by 2D multilayer elastic calculations. It is shown that multilayer elastic theory provides a reasonable prediction of the mechanical behavior on the condition that the stiffness of the asphalt concrete is adjusted according to the temperature variations of the layer and the stiffness of the unbound granular layers is adjusted according to moisture content levels.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Washington DC: , 2021
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-16079 (URN)
Conference
Transportation Research Board 100th Annual Meeting
Available from: 2021-02-25 Created: 2021-03-18 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved

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