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A round robin test on the close-proximity method: Comparison of results from four different CPX trailers measuring tyre/road noise properties of 10 Swedish road surfaces
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8057-6031
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.ORCID iD: 0009-0003-2678-6961
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5306-2753
2020 (English)In: Noise Control Engineering Journal, ISSN 0736-2501, E-ISSN 2168-8710, Vol. 68, no 6, p. 421-440Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The standardization of the CPX method and the reference tyres in 2017 has made it possible to measure tyre/road noise in a standard and repeatable way. However, the reproducibility of the CPX method is still not well known. A trailer comparison in the Netherlands in 2017 indicated that different trailers led to comparable results, but only two road surfaces were used, and all measurements were made close in time and location. In practical measurements, more variations in CPX equipment occur, and it is not possible to predetermine a specific measurement day. This study used four trailers of different designs, and measurements were made over a time period of 90 days, which may happen in practical measurements. The trailers and road surfaces are described, and variations between measurements are analyzed. The maximum CPX level difference between trailers when taking the sample means (average without corrections for different number of observations on the surfaces) was 1.57 dB for tyre H1 and 1.29 dB for tyre P1, which is comparable to the uncertainty values in ISO 11819-2:2017. A statistical analysis showed that the estimated main effects, adjusted for imbalance in the sampling design, for three of the four trailers did not differ more than 0.41 dB, while the fourth trailer, having an unreliable calibration, differed by 0.94 dB from the others. This article shows the relevance of the corrections found in the standards and that having an enclosure over the tested tyres leads to a slightly sharper peak in the frequency spectra.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Noise Control Engineering , 2020. Vol. 68, no 6, p. 421-440
Keywords [en]
Noise level, Measurement, Surfacing, Apparatus (measuring), Group analysis (test)
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
30 Road: Highway design; 30 Road: Highway design, 33 Road: Surfacing; 10 Road: Transport, society, policy and planning; 10 Road: Transport, society, policy and planning, 15 Road: Environment
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-15932DOI: 10.3397/1/376836ISI: 000619627800002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85099284178OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-15932DiVA, id: diva2:1532982
Available from: 2021-03-03 Created: 2021-03-03 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Tyre/road interaction: A holistic approach to the functional requirements of road surfaces regarding noise and rolling resistance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tyre/road interaction: A holistic approach to the functional requirements of road surfaces regarding noise and rolling resistance
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Increased fuel consumption, increased greenhouse gas emission, diminishing real-estate prices and increased health issues are some of  the negative effects on the climate, on the environment and on the society from tyre/road rolling resistance and noise. The first two aspects are affected by energy dissipation in the tyre/pavement contact and are related to rolling resistance. The other two aspects, real-estate property prices and health and comfort issues, are related to noise.

This thesis uses a holistic approach to analyse functional properties of the tyre/road contact interaction. It studies how measures taken for different functional properties may correlate and studies the limits in evaluation of mitigation strategies considering the precision in available measurement methods.

The investigative work included an examination of how reproducible CPX measurements are for evaluating tyre/road noise. Furthermore, the procedure for rubber hardness correction was subjected to a specific evaluation. Noise and rolling resistance measurements were performed on drums and the results were compared to on-road measurements for 50 different tyre models. Additionally, the consistency of rolling resistance measurements on roads was evaluated.

Two mitigation strategies are discussed in this thesis: (i) selection of tyres, and (ii) grinding of road surfaces. For the first strategy, more than 600 CPX and more than 500 rolling resistance measurements were carried out with 50 different tyre models to evaluate potential gain in selecting the best tyres. For the second strategy 8 road sections were ground and the effect of grinding was evaluated with respect to noise and rolling resistance.

Values presented on the EU tyre lables were shown to not correlate to on-road measurements; this calls for a re-examination of the tyre labelling procedures. Regarding labelling of road surfaces, results in this thesis indicate that reliable acoustical properties can be obtained with the CPX method in a reproducible way and suggests that acoustical labelling of road surfaces is feasible with a precision of 1 dB.

Abstract [sv]

Energiförluster, ökad bränsleförbrukning, sänkta fastighetspriser och ökade hälsoproblem är några av de negativa effekter på klimat, miljö och samhälle som följer av rullmotstånd och buller från vägyta/däck. De första två effekterna uppkommer eftersom det uppstår energiförluster i vägyta/däckkontakten och är kopplat till rullmotstånd. De andra två effekterna, minskade fastighetspriser och hälsoproblem, är kopplade till buller.

Den här avhandlingen utnyttjar ett holistiskt helhetsgrepp för att analysera funktionsegenskaper hos vägyta/däckkontakten. Den studerar hur åtgärder för olika funktionsegenskaper kan korrelera, och studerar begränsningarna i utvärderingen av olika åtgärder med utgångspunkt i precisionen hos tillgängliga mätmetoder.

Den experimentella delen av avhandlingen omfattar en undersökning av CPX-metodens reproducerbarhet vid mätning av vägyta/däckbuller. Dessutom undersöktes specifikt korrektionsmetoden för gummihårdhet. Buller- och rullmotståndmätningar genomfördes på trumma för 50 olika däckmodeller och jämfördes med mätningar gjorda på vägyta. Därutöver gjordes en enkel utvärdering av pålitligheten hos rullmotståndmätningar på vägytor.

De två åtgärdsstrategier som utvärderas i den avhandlingen är: (i) val av däck, och (ii) slipning av vägytor. För att utvärdera den första strategin genomfördes mer än 600 CPX och mer än 500 rullmotståndsmätningar med 50 olika däckmodeller för att kvantifiera potentiella vinster när man väljer de däck som har bäst prestanda. För att utvärdera den andra strategin slipades åtta vägsträckor och både buller och rullmotstånd mättes före och efter slipningen.

Värden som anges via den EU-gemensamma däckmärkningen visades inte korrelera med mätningar på vägbanor, vilket pekar på behovet av en omprövning av däckmärkningsmetoden.  Utifrån den noggrannhet som CPX-metoden uppvisar skulle det också vara möjligt att införa akustisk märkning av vägbanor med en noggrannhet av 1 dB.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2020. p. 97
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2013
Keywords
Road, surface, noise, rolling resistance, tyre, mitigation, Vägbeläggning, vägyta, textur, buller, rullmotstånd, däck
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22114 (URN)9789178735365 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-05-29, Zoom Webinar -https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_uBAlg-W_RTKIVOsq7xualw, Du som saknar dator/datorvana kan kontakta thoyra@kth.se för information / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2025-10-30 Created: 2025-07-07 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved

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Vieira, TiagoSandberg, UlfEriksson, Olle

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