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Evaluation of uncertainty on Shore hardness measurements of tyre treads and implications to tyre/road noise measurements with the Close Proximity method
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8057-6031
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0138-0768
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5306-2753
2020 (English)In: Measurement, ISSN 0263-2241, E-ISSN 1873-412X, Vol. 162, article id 107882Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Shore hardness measurements subject rubber bodies to standardized indentations. While easily performed, the measurements are subject to uncertainties. Although typical variances for Shore hardness are found in standards, operator and instrument effects are not well described, requiring statistically designed experiments to estimate effects and variance components. This paper focuses on uncertainty in Shore A hardness measurements of tyre tread elements and quantifies operator and instrument effects. Evaluation of uncertainty of Shore A measurements were performed on tyres under controlled conditions using three instruments, two tyres and five operators. Results show that the operator variance component and instrument effects are larger than the reference variance contribution in ISO 11819-3:2017. The interaction between operator and instrument is estimated to be the largest source of variation, while operator and instrument main effects are of similar size as the error component. Recommendations to reduce uncertainties include ignoring instantaneous values and requiring an instrument stand. © 2020 The Author(s)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V. , 2020. Vol. 162, article id 107882
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-15283DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2020.107882Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85084605841OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-15283DiVA, id: diva2:1433391
Available from: 2020-05-29 Created: 2020-05-29 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Tyre/road interaction: A holistic approach to the functional requirements of road surfaces regarding noise and rolling resistance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tyre/road interaction: A holistic approach to the functional requirements of road surfaces regarding noise and rolling resistance
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Increased fuel consumption, increased greenhouse gas emission, diminishing real-estate prices and increased health issues are some of  the negative effects on the climate, on the environment and on the society from tyre/road rolling resistance and noise. The first two aspects are affected by energy dissipation in the tyre/pavement contact and are related to rolling resistance. The other two aspects, real-estate property prices and health and comfort issues, are related to noise.

This thesis uses a holistic approach to analyse functional properties of the tyre/road contact interaction. It studies how measures taken for different functional properties may correlate and studies the limits in evaluation of mitigation strategies considering the precision in available measurement methods.

The investigative work included an examination of how reproducible CPX measurements are for evaluating tyre/road noise. Furthermore, the procedure for rubber hardness correction was subjected to a specific evaluation. Noise and rolling resistance measurements were performed on drums and the results were compared to on-road measurements for 50 different tyre models. Additionally, the consistency of rolling resistance measurements on roads was evaluated.

Two mitigation strategies are discussed in this thesis: (i) selection of tyres, and (ii) grinding of road surfaces. For the first strategy, more than 600 CPX and more than 500 rolling resistance measurements were carried out with 50 different tyre models to evaluate potential gain in selecting the best tyres. For the second strategy 8 road sections were ground and the effect of grinding was evaluated with respect to noise and rolling resistance.

Values presented on the EU tyre lables were shown to not correlate to on-road measurements; this calls for a re-examination of the tyre labelling procedures. Regarding labelling of road surfaces, results in this thesis indicate that reliable acoustical properties can be obtained with the CPX method in a reproducible way and suggests that acoustical labelling of road surfaces is feasible with a precision of 1 dB.

Abstract [sv]

Energiförluster, ökad bränsleförbrukning, sänkta fastighetspriser och ökade hälsoproblem är några av de negativa effekter på klimat, miljö och samhälle som följer av rullmotstånd och buller från vägyta/däck. De första två effekterna uppkommer eftersom det uppstår energiförluster i vägyta/däckkontakten och är kopplat till rullmotstånd. De andra två effekterna, minskade fastighetspriser och hälsoproblem, är kopplade till buller.

Den här avhandlingen utnyttjar ett holistiskt helhetsgrepp för att analysera funktionsegenskaper hos vägyta/däckkontakten. Den studerar hur åtgärder för olika funktionsegenskaper kan korrelera, och studerar begränsningarna i utvärderingen av olika åtgärder med utgångspunkt i precisionen hos tillgängliga mätmetoder.

Den experimentella delen av avhandlingen omfattar en undersökning av CPX-metodens reproducerbarhet vid mätning av vägyta/däckbuller. Dessutom undersöktes specifikt korrektionsmetoden för gummihårdhet. Buller- och rullmotståndmätningar genomfördes på trumma för 50 olika däckmodeller och jämfördes med mätningar gjorda på vägyta. Därutöver gjordes en enkel utvärdering av pålitligheten hos rullmotståndmätningar på vägytor.

De två åtgärdsstrategier som utvärderas i den avhandlingen är: (i) val av däck, och (ii) slipning av vägytor. För att utvärdera den första strategin genomfördes mer än 600 CPX och mer än 500 rullmotståndsmätningar med 50 olika däckmodeller för att kvantifiera potentiella vinster när man väljer de däck som har bäst prestanda. För att utvärdera den andra strategin slipades åtta vägsträckor och både buller och rullmotstånd mättes före och efter slipningen.

Värden som anges via den EU-gemensamma däckmärkningen visades inte korrelera med mätningar på vägbanor, vilket pekar på behovet av en omprövning av däckmärkningsmetoden.  Utifrån den noggrannhet som CPX-metoden uppvisar skulle det också vara möjligt att införa akustisk märkning av vägbanor med en noggrannhet av 1 dB.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2020. p. 97
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2013
Keywords
Road, surface, noise, rolling resistance, tyre, mitigation, Vägbeläggning, vägyta, textur, buller, rullmotstånd, däck
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Building Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22114 (URN)9789178735365 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-05-29, Zoom Webinar -https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_uBAlg-W_RTKIVOsq7xualw, Du som saknar dator/datorvana kan kontakta thoyra@kth.se för information / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2025-10-30 Created: 2025-07-07 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved

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Vieira, TiagoLundberg, JoacimEriksson, Olle

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