Public transport (PT) is pivotal for sustainable development, ensuring accessibility in urban and rural areas while reducing CO₂ emissions and contributing to sustainable cities (SDG 11). Its functioning, and the functioning of our societies more broadly, relies on the everyday work of PT workers. Despite this central role, PT work across Europe, including the Nordic region, faces a crisis pertaining to working conditions and labour supply. 

In Sweden, trade unions and workers report poor working conditions, citing long and stressful working days and inadequate time and spaces for resting. At the same time, PT operators face acute staff shortages (primarily drivers, but also mechanics, traffic controllers, and technicians), leading to frequent service disruptions. Operators estimate a need for 8,100 new bus drivers before 2026 to guarantee adequate service levels. A comparable scenario can be observed in other Nordic countries, such as Denmark and Norway. 

This shortage is expected to worsen due to a forthcoming wave of retirements, driven by the high average age of bus drivers: in 2023, 62% of tram and bus drivers in Sweden were over 50, and only 3% under 30. Despite efforts to attract women, the sector remains highly male-dominated (88% of drivers in 2023), and women’s participation declined by 10% between 2016 and 2023. Research highlights barriers for women, including atypical hours and lack of safe transport options. Recruitment and retention of women and younger drivers remain major concerns. 

Understanding bus drivers’ working conditions – and how these intersect with gender, age, and other inequalities shaping experiences and coping strategies – is a priority for transport and mobility research. This knowledge is essential for enhancing workers’ well-being, making the profession more attractive, and ensuring the sustainability of PT.