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Port Community Systems and Just-in-Time arrival in port calls: Adoption and outcome
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. Communications and Transport Systems, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8221-3493
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Sweden’s dependence on maritime transport is evident by the fact that approximately 60% of the freight to and from the country is carried by sea. Given this dependence, maintaining efficient and effective maritime and port services is critical to trade outcomes. However, maritime and port actors face operational constraints and stricter environmental requirements. Around 15% of the vessels that call Swedish ports experience a median delay of 13 hours, resulting in operational inefficiencies. Furthermore, stricter environmental measures are expected to increase the cost of shipping by 10-40%. One measure for addressing these challenges is the implementation of Just-in-Time arrival in port calls that enhances operational efficiency and reduces emissions from the sector. These benefits are obtained by coordinating the sailing speeds of the vessels with the availability of services at the port of destination. Existing research has mainly focused on estimating the potential of Just-in-Time to reduce fuel consumption and emissions from maritime transport. However, the process through which Just[1]in-Time is implemented is characterized by interdependencies among port call actors. Realizing the potential of Just-in-Time requires effective management of these interdependencies through appropriate coordination mechanisms. Research that identifies these coordination mechanisms and elaborate upon their adoption and use is limited, leading to a lack of understanding regarding how the potential of Just-in-Time can be realized in practice. Hence, this thesis focuses on identifying and elaborating upon the coordination mechanisms that required to implement and realize the benefits of Just-in-Time. 

To understand how the benefits of Just-in-Time can be realized in practice, this thesis deploys qualitative and quantitative methods. Case and process studies with pioneering Swedish ports in the implementation of Just-in-Time were conducted. Empirical data were gathered from the ports of Gothenburg, Gävle, and Oxelösund during 2020-2025 through interviews, observations, and archival data. Additionally, quantitative modeling was used to estimate potential fuel and emissions savings associated with implementing JIT in the Swedish context.

Abstract [sv]

Sveriges beroende av sjöfart framträder tydligt genom att cirka 60 procent av landets import och export sker sjövägen. Mot bakgrund av detta beroende är det av betydelse för landets handelsbalans att säkerställa effektiva och tillförlitliga sjöfarts- och hamntjänster. Samtidigt står såväl sjöfartssektorn som hamnaktörer inför betydande operativa begränsningar samt en skärpt miljölagstiftning. Statistiken visar att omkring 15 procent av de fartyg som anlöper svenska hamnar drabbas av en medianförsening på 13 timmar, vilket genererar operativa ineffektiviteteter. Därtill bedöms skärpta miljökrav öka kostnaderna för sjöfarten med mellan 10 och 40 procent. Ett åtgärdsalternativ för att möta dessa utmaningar är implementeringen av Just-in-Time anlöp, vilket kan bidra till ökad operativ effektivitet samtidigt som utsläppen reduceras. De potentiella fördelarna realiseras genom en samordning av fartygens seglingshastigheter med tillgången till relevanta hamntjänster vid destinationshamnen. Tidigare forskning har i huvudsak fokuserat på att kvantifiera Just-in-Time’s potential i termer av minskad bränsleförbrukning och lägre utsläpp. Däremot har den process genom vilken Just-in-Time implementeras visat sig vara starkt präglad av ömsesidiga beroenden mellan hamnanlöpets aktörer. För att dessa potentialer ska kunna realiseras i praktiken krävs en effektiv hantering av beroendena genom väl utformade samordningsmekanismer. Forskningen kring dessa mekanismer, deras adoption samt praktiska användning är dock fortfarande begränsad, vilket innebär en bristande förståelse för hur konceptets fördelar kan uppnås i praktiken. Denna avhandling syftar därför till att identifiera och analysera de samordningsmekanismer som är nödvändiga för att implementera Just-in-Time och realisera dess fördelar. 

För att uppnå denna förståelse kombineras kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Fallstudier och processanalyser har genomförts i svenska hamnar som varit pionjärer i införandet av Just-in-Time. Empiriskt material har insamlats vid hamnarna i Göteborg, Gävle och Oxelösund under perioden 2020-2025 genom intervjuer, observationer samt analys av arkivdata. Utöver detta har kvantitativ modellering använts för att uppskatta potentiella besparingar avseende bränsle och utsläpp i ett svenskt sammanhang.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. , p. 110
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2492
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22351DOI: 10.3384/9789181183436ISBN: 9789181183429 (print)ISBN: 9789181183436 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-22351DiVA, id: diva2:2021322
Public defence
2025-11-07, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 09:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport AdministrationAvailable from: 2025-12-12 Created: 2025-12-12 Last updated: 2025-12-12Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Port call optimization and CO2-emissions savings: Estimating feasible potential in tramp shipping
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Port call optimization and CO2-emissions savings: Estimating feasible potential in tramp shipping
2022 (English)In: Maritime Transport Research, ISSN 2666-822X, Vol. 3, article id 100054Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The promise of Port Call Optimization (PCO) measures such as Virtual Arrival (VA) for increased fuel efficiency in shipping is emphasized in the literature and professional ranks alike. Despite their envisioned benefits and feasibility, the implementation of such measures has largely remained lacking. Recent studies indicate that the potential of VA on fuel efficiency might be overestimated. In this paper we propose a new approach to estimate the fuel efficiency potential of VA based on traffic data from the Swedish tramp shipping sector. Our results indicate that the feasible fuel efficiency potential of VA is significantly smaller than what has previously been reported with no discernible benefit to large cohorts of voyages. We conclude that further empirical analyses are required for increased accuracy of the estimation of the potential of PCO for increased fuel efficiency in shipping and that more measured approaches in implementation and evaluation of PCO are called for.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
National Category
Marine Engineering
Research subject
SAB, Prc Ships and shipping
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18664 (URN)10.1016/j.martra.2022.100054 (DOI)001026450600007 ()2-s2.0-85132009072 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-05-23 Created: 2022-05-23 Last updated: 2025-12-12Bibliographically approved

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