Publications
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Structural design, degradation and condition assessment of cycle paths
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance. Division of Building Materials, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden .ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0334-9940
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A shift in modal share from car driving to cycling has many benefits, e.g., health benefits from increased physical activity and less pollution and congestion. A smooth cycle path surface with sufficient friction is important for cyclist traffic safety, comfort and level of service. Cracks and surface unevenness are frequent maintenance-related deficiencies associated with the degradation of the structure. A purpose of this thesis is to identify degradation factors specific for cycle paths, through a state-of-the-art literature review. The review is complemented by four appended papers. Paper A analyses the stated distress modes and causes reported on Swedish municipal cycle paths with respect to climatic and population data. Paper B evaluates a novel method for condition assessments on cycle paths related to cycling comfort—the Bicycle Measurement Trailer. PaperC proposes alternative deflection bowl parameters for structural evaluation of cycle paths from in-situ falling weight deflectometer and light weight deflectometer measurements. Paper D reports on the results of full-scale testing on instrumented cycle path structures. The main results from the papers indicate that surface roughness and unevenness, longitudinal cracks and edge deformations are the most common distress modes. The main reasons behind this distress are structural interventions, tree roots, frost heave and heavy vehicles. The load-bearing capacity close to the pavement edge and at increased moisture content is reduced. The proposed alternative approaches for cycle path condition assessment were able to assess the surface roughness and evenness, along with the structural condition, for practical applications on the investigated cycle paths. The conclusions of the thesis suggest that the structural design principles for cycle paths in the Swedish structural design manual needs to be updated. Models that better describe the behaviour of thin-surfaced asphalt pavements, especially with respect to climate, should be developed. More studies are recommended to validate the proposed condition assessment approaches.

Abstract [sv]

En förflyttning av bilresor till cykeltrafik har många fördelar, t.ex. förbättrad folkhälsa genom ökad fysisk aktivitet och minskade föroreningar och trängsel. En slät yta med adekvat friktion är viktigt för cyklisternas trafiksäkerhet, komfort och framkomlighet. Sprickor och ojämnheter är vanligt förekommande underhållsrelaterade brister som är kopplade till cykelvägens nedbrytning. Ett syfte med den här avhandlingen är att identifiera specifika nedbrytningsfaktorer för cykelvägar. Det görs genom en litteraturgenomgång och fyra vetenskapliga artiklar. Paper A analyserar skador och skadeorsaker, som rapporterats av svenska kommuner, med avseende på klimat och befolkningsdata. Paper B utvärderar en ny metod för tillståndsbedömningar av cykelvägar som beaktar cyklisters komfort—Cykelmätvagnen. Paper C föreslår en uppsättning alternativa deflektions bassängparametrar för hållfasthetsutvärdering av cykelvägar baserat på fältundersökning med fallviktsmätningar. Paper D rapporterar resultat från fullskaligare sponsmätningar på instrumenterade cykelvägskonstruktioner. Huvudresultaten från artiklarna indikerar att lokala ojämnheter, längsgående sprickor och kantdeformationer är de vanligaste skadetyperna. De vanligaste bakomliggande orsakerna uppges vara avgrävningar, trädrötter, tjällyft och tunga fordon. Cykelvägens bärförmåga minskar i närheten av cykelvägskanten och vid ett ökat fuktinehåll i konstruktionen. De föreslagna metoderna för tillståndsbedömning av cykelvägar visade sig kunna bedöma cykelvägytornas textur och jämnhet samt det strukturella tillståndet på ett bra sätt för de undersökta cykelvägarna. Avhandlingens slutsatser poängterar att principerna för dimensionering av cykelvägar enligt Trafikverkets krav eller rekommendationer bör uppdateras. Modeller som bättre beskriver tunna asfaltkonstruktioners beteende bör utvecklas, speciellt när det gäller hur de påverkas av klimatfaktorer. Mer studier behövs för att validera de föreslagna tillstånds bedömningsmetoderna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 127
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 257
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22034ISBN: 9789181062656 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-22034DiVA, id: diva2:1958268
Public defence
2025-05-23, F3, Lindstedtvägen 28, KTH Campus, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental ResearchSwedish Transport AdministrationAvailable from: 2025-05-14 Created: 2025-05-14 Last updated: 2025-05-14Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Degradation of Cycle Paths: a Survey in Swedish Municipalities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Degradation of Cycle Paths: a Survey in Swedish Municipalities
2022 (English)In: CivilEng, ISSN 2673-4109, Vol. 3, no 2, p. 184-210Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

There is a need to move society in a sustainable direction. One way to contribute to this move is to change to more sustainable transport modes, such as cycling. To increase cycling, the infrastructure is important, and good quality cycle paths are needed. However, little is known about the degradation of cycle paths. This paper aims to investigate what modes of pavement distress are found on municipal cycle paths in Sweden, and what probable mechanisms lie behind such distress; these are determined based on questions from a state-of-practice survey, interviews, and a literature review. The main findings are that the most commonly stated distress modes are surface unevenness followed by longitudinal cracks, and the most commonly stated causes of distress are ageing, followed by structural interventions, and roots and vegetation. The results also show that for several distress modes, there are probable connections with climatic factors such as temperature and moisture, as well as with the population size of the urban areas. Objective data are needed regarding traffic load and the climatic factors that affect cycle paths, along with information on their structural design, to better understand their degradation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19428 (URN)10.3390/civileng3020012 (DOI)2-s2.0-85145274873 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-01-23 Created: 2023-01-23 Last updated: 2025-05-14Bibliographically approved
2. Condition assessment of cycle path texture and evenness using a bicycle measurement trailer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Condition assessment of cycle path texture and evenness using a bicycle measurement trailer
Show others...
2023 (English)In: The international journal of pavement engineering, ISSN 1029-8436, E-ISSN 1477-268X, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 2262085Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cyclists’ riding comfort, related to pavement texture and unevenness, has not been thourougly investigated, partly due to the lack of condition assessment methods specifically adapted to the speed and space limits on cycle paths. Metrics that better describe the perceived comfort of cyclists, rather than that of car users, are needed. In this paper a novel method, the Bicycle Measurement Trailer (BMT), is proposed to bridge this gap. Eight different cycle path surface types have been assessed with regards to pavement texture and for four of these surfaces the longitudinal evenness was assessed. The accuracy and repeatability of the BMT were evaluated. Finally, five different metrics (Dynamic Comfort Index, Evenness Coefficient, 0.5 m Straight Edge, International Roughness Index and Root Mean Square), were calculated from the collected data and assessed. The main findings suggest that the BMT has a high accuracy at normal and high cycling speeds and a high level of repeatability at normal cycling speed. The surfaces could be ranked according to texture, and the evenness was successfully analysed. In conclusion, the BMT could be a valuable tool to assess the cycle path surface condition in relation to bicycle riding comfort.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2023
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20006 (URN)10.1080/10298436.2023.2262085 (DOI)001080147500001 ()2-s2.0-85173615478 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 021/79526Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, DIA 2016/28Swedish Transport Administration, 021/23527
Available from: 2023-11-16 Created: 2023-11-16 Last updated: 2025-05-14Bibliographically approved
3. Structural Stability of Cycle Paths: Introducing Cycle Path Deflection Bowl Parameters from FWD Measurements
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural Stability of Cycle Paths: Introducing Cycle Path Deflection Bowl Parameters from FWD Measurements
2024 (English)In: Infrastructures, E-ISSN 2412-3811, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 7Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A recurrent challenge on cycle paths are edge cracks, which affect the traffic safety and accessibility of cyclists and produce high maintenance costs. Being both structurally thinner and narrower structures than roads, the cycle paths are extra prone to this problem. A few passages of heavy vehicles in unfavourable conditions might be enough to break the edge. The load-bearing capacity of eight municipal cycle paths in Linköping, Sweden, were assessed by falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and light falling weight deflectometer (LWD) measurements during a year-long cycle. A set of alternative Deflection Bowl Parameters (DBPs), better adapted to the structural design of cycle paths, were suggested and evaluated. The results of the FWD measurements showed that these suggested DBPs are a promising approach to evaluate the load-bearing capacity of cycle paths. From the results of the LWD measurements, it was found that the load-bearing capacity varies considerably with lateral position. The conclusion is that it might be more fruitful to measure the load-bearing capacity by LWD close to the edge, rather than the traditional approach of FWD measurements along the centre line of the cycle path.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024
Keywords
FWD, LWD, cycle paths, structural stability, moisture, deflection bowl parameters
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21545 (URN)10.3390/infrastructures10010007 (DOI)2-s2.0-85215984453 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2021/79526Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, DIA 2016/28
Available from: 2025-01-31 Created: 2025-01-31 Last updated: 2025-05-14Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(3898 kB)32 downloads
File information
File name SUMMARY01.pdfFile size 3898 kBChecksum SHA-512
5ace5e50862331f8fc36934a74c3faed03221fdd47fef62e4e532b5080965ba0b13a89aca94f82950037c6e6c2666d9d228472d6a1e167e2125e956acd119d9c
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Authority records

Larsson, Martin

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Larsson, Martin
By organisation
Infrastructure maintenance
Infrastructure Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 0 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 154 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf