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Geofencing to prevent collisions in drivers’ interactions with emergency vehicles
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle. Human-Centered Systems, Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9724-8456
Department of Vehicle Technology, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1474-1761
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0330-7695
Human-Centered Systems, Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Sweden; Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5943-0679
2024 (English)In: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, E-ISSN 2590-1982, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ISSN 2590-1982, Vol. 28, article id 101297Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The interaction between emergency vehicle drivers and surrounding road users is associated with risks. This study explored the application of geofencing to improve interactions between drivers and emergency vehicles to reduce the risk of collisions in high-risk scenarios. Two high-risk scenarios, an off-ramp collision, and an intersection scenario, were used in two driving simulator experiments with 64 participants in total. Half of the drivers received a geofence-based warning about the upcoming traffic situation. The results indicate that geofencing, when applied to provide warnings in specific locations, improves driver behavior. In the off-ramp experiment, all drivers who received a warning avoided the off-ramp and thereby avoided the collision site, whereas all other drivers took the off-ramp. In the intersection experiment, the warning led to earlier deceleration, allowing the emergency vehicle to pass safely and with minimal delay; whereas nearly half of those who did not get a warning failed to yield to the emergency vehicle. The drivers acted based on the warning they received, even when they had not yet seen the emergency vehicle. The findings suggest that geofencing can improve driver behavior by detecting emergency vehicles early and reliably, thereby improving traffic safety and minimizing delay for emergency vehicles on call. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024. Vol. 28, article id 101297
Keywords [en]
Emergency vehicle, In-car warning, Geofencing, Driving simulator, Intelligent transport system
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21419DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2024.101297ISI: 001385518100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85211207655OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-21419DiVA, id: diva2:1920483
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2020/25755European Commission, 2018-EU-TM-0026-SAvailable from: 2024-12-11 Created: 2024-12-11 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Emergency Vehicle Approaching: Warning Drivers Using Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Emergency Vehicle Approaching: Warning Drivers Using Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Driving an emergency vehicle can be difficult. The driver of the emergency vehicle must navigate, communicate with emergency services, often drive at high speeds, and take surrounding traffic into account. Civilian drivers are required by law to give way to emergency vehicles with lights and sirens activated. Despite this, they sometimes fail to move over. One reason is not noticing the emergency vehicle in time.   

This dissertation aims to understand how technology can support civilian drivers in their interactions with emergency vehicles. One form of technology used to make drivers move over is emergency vehicle lighting. The results of this dissertation show that alternative designs of emergency vehicle lighting can affect driver behavior and that the current designs are not always suited to promote the most desirable driver behavior.   

Another technological approach to supporting drivers in their interactions with emergency vehicles is the use of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). One C-ITS service is the Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA) warning. An EVA warning is an early in-car warning sent out to the driver before being overtaken by an emergency vehicle, providing more time to move over. Three driving simulator studies with EVA warnings were conducted in this dissertation. The results indicate that EVA warnings make drivers move over more quickly and thereby decrease delay time for emergency vehicles. Furthermore, there is a learning effect when receiving multiple EVA warnings, implying that drivers move over more quickly once they are familiar with the system. One of the simulator studies used eye tracking and showed that EVA warnings make drivers scan mirrors earlier, compared to when not receiving an EVA warning.   

Abstract [sv]

Att framföra ett utryckningsfordon är utmanande. Utryckningsföraren förväntas navigera, kommunicera med larmcentralen, framföra utryckningsfordonet i inte sällan höga hastigheter och samtidigt ta hänsyn till omgivande trafik. Bilister är enligt lag tvungna att lämna fri väg för utryckningsfordon med blåljus och sirener. Trots det misslyckas ibland förare med att lämna fri väg. En anledning är att de inte hinner uppfatta utryckningsfordonet i tid.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att förstå hur teknik kan stödja förare vid interaktioner med utryckningsfordon. En form av teknik som används för att få förare att lämna fri väg är blåljus. Resultaten av denna avhandling visar att alternativa designlösningar för blåljus kan påverka förarnas beteende och att de nu-varande utformningarna inte alltid är optimala för att främja det mest önskvärda förarbeteendet.   

En annan metod för att stötta förare i deras interaktion med utryckningsfordon är uppkopplad fordonsteknik, så kallat Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). En typ av C-ITS-tjänst är Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA)-varningar. En EVA-varning är en tidig varning som skickas ut till bilisten innan utryckningsfordonet kör ikapp, vilket ger föraren mer tid att lämna fri väg. Tre förarsimulatorstudier med EVA-varningar genomfördes inom ramen för avhandlingen. Resultaten visar på att EVA-varningar kan få förare att lämna fri väg snabbare och därmed minska förseningar för utryckningsfordon. Dessutom finns det en inlärningseffekt med EVA varningar som innebär att förare lämnar fri väg snabbare när de är bekanta med EVA systemet. I en av simulatorstudierna användes ögonrörelsemätning som visade att EVA-varningar får förare att skanna av speglarna i bilen tidigare, jämfört med när de inte får någon EVA-varning.   

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 115
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 891
Keywords
Emergency Vehicles, Intelligent Transport System, Warning, Emergency Vehicle Approaching, Geofencing, Utryckningsfordon, Intelligenta Transportsystem, Varning, Emergency Vehicle Approaching, Geostaket
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21320 (URN)10.3384/9789180758055 (DOI)9789180758048 (ISBN)9789180758055 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-11-22, Ada Lovelace, B-building, Campus Valla, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2020/25755Vinnova, 2018-01523
Note

Funding: The PhD project has been financially supported by the Swedish Transport Administration (TRV 2020/25755) and the European Union. The majority of my included papers (II – V) were written in the context of the European Union project Nordic Way 3 (2018- EU-TM-0026-S). In addition, from the support from the Swedish Transport Administration and European Union, my second study received financial support from Vinnova (2018-01523), and the fourth study from SAFER (FP18). The first study in this dissertation was supported by the company Standby which provided the technical equipment for the experiment.  

Available from: 2024-11-25 Created: 2024-11-25 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved

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Weibull, KajsaLidestam, Björn

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