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Condition assessment of cycle path texture and evenness using a bicycle measurement trailer
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance. Department of Building Materials, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0334-9940
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1162-2633
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology. Department of Building Materials, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden;Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4256-3034
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4662-4674
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2023 (English)In: The international journal of pavement engineering, ISSN 1029-8436, E-ISSN 1477-268X, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 2262085Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cyclists’ riding comfort, related to pavement texture and unevenness, has not been thourougly investigated, partly due to the lack of condition assessment methods specifically adapted to the speed and space limits on cycle paths. Metrics that better describe the perceived comfort of cyclists, rather than that of car users, are needed. In this paper a novel method, the Bicycle Measurement Trailer (BMT), is proposed to bridge this gap. Eight different cycle path surface types have been assessed with regards to pavement texture and for four of these surfaces the longitudinal evenness was assessed. The accuracy and repeatability of the BMT were evaluated. Finally, five different metrics (Dynamic Comfort Index, Evenness Coefficient, 0.5 m Straight Edge, International Roughness Index and Root Mean Square), were calculated from the collected data and assessed. The main findings suggest that the BMT has a high accuracy at normal and high cycling speeds and a high level of repeatability at normal cycling speed. The surfaces could be ranked according to texture, and the evenness was successfully analysed. In conclusion, the BMT could be a valuable tool to assess the cycle path surface condition in relation to bicycle riding comfort.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2023. Vol. 24, no 1, article id 2262085
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20006DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2023.2262085ISI: 001080147500001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85173615478OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-20006DiVA, id: diva2:1812487
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 021/79526Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, DIA 2016/28Swedish Transport Administration, 021/23527Available from: 2023-11-16 Created: 2023-11-16 Last updated: 2025-05-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cycle paths’ degradation processes and surface condition assessment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cycle paths’ degradation processes and surface condition assessment
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A smooth surface with good friction on the cycle path is not only important for the traffic safety of the cyclists but also for their comfort and level of service. Potholes, cracks, and bumps are frequent obstructions on the cycle paths. These are all maintenance-related deficiencies associated with the degradation of the structure. In general, the knowledge on degradation of roads is good, as there is a long tradition of investigation into the degradation factors. Cycle paths, even though constructed with similar materials and techniques as the roads, are however not designed in the same way as roads, mainly since they will not be subjected to the same traffic load. Thus, one purpose of this licentiate thesis is to identify degradation factors specific for cycle paths, through a state-of-the-art literature study.

The literature review is complemented by two papers, where Paper A analyses the distress found on Swedish municipal cycle paths and Paper B evaluates a novel method for condition assessments on cycle paths related to cycling comfort—the Bicycle Measurement Trailer. The review and papers are meant to act as the basis for the general aim of the PhD-project, namely, to develop more knowledge on the degradation of cycle paths. This knowledge is needed to improve the structural design approaches and maintenance strategies for cycle paths and to give guidance for preventive measures to inhibit degradation.

Abstract [sv]

En slät yta, med god friktion, på cykelbanan är inte bara viktig för cyklisternas trafiksäkerhet, utan för deras komfort och framkomlighet. Potthål, sprickor och ojämnheter är vanliga hinder på cykelvägarna. Dessa underhållsrelaterade brister är direkt kopplade till nedbrytningen av cykelvägarna. Generellt sett är kunskapen om nedbrytning av vägar god då det finns en lång tradition av forskning kring nedbrytningsprocesserna. Cykelvägar, även om de är byggda med liknande material och tekniker som vägarna, är dock inte dimensionerade på samma sätt som vägar då de inte utsätts för samma trafikbelastning. Ett syfte med denna licentiatuppsats är således att identifiera nedbrytningsfaktorer som är specifika för cykelvägar.

En ”state-of-the-art” litteraturstudie kompletteras av två artiklar, där Paper A analyserar de skador som återfinns på svenska kommunala cykelvägar och Paper B utvärderar en ny metod, Cykelmätvagnen, för tillståndsbedömningar på cykelvägar, relaterat till cykelkomfort. Litteraturstudien och artiklarna är tänkta att ligga till grund för doktorandprojektets övergripande syfte, nämligen att utveckla mer kunskap om cykelvägars nedbrytning. Denna kunskap behövs för att förbättra de strukturella dimensioneringsprinciperna och underhållsstrategierna för cykelvägar och ge vägledning för förebyggande åtgärder som motverkar deras nedbrytning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 95
Keywords
construction design, cycle paths, degradation, distress modes, maintenance, municipalities, survey, cycling comfort, road surface measurements, surface evenness, surface texture
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19589 (URN)978-91-8040-510-2 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-03-21, B3, Brinellvägen 23, KTH Campus, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, DIA 2016/28Swedish Transport Administration, 2021/79526Swedish Transport Administration, 2021/23527
Available from: 2023-03-08 Created: 2023-03-08 Last updated: 2023-11-16Bibliographically approved
2. Structural design, degradation and condition assessment of cycle paths
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural design, degradation and condition assessment of cycle paths
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A shift in modal share from car driving to cycling has many benefits, e.g., health benefits from increased physical activity and less pollution and congestion. A smooth cycle path surface with sufficient friction is important for cyclist traffic safety, comfort and level of service. Cracks and surface unevenness are frequent maintenance-related deficiencies associated with the degradation of the structure. A purpose of this thesis is to identify degradation factors specific for cycle paths, through a state-of-the-art literature review. The review is complemented by four appended papers. Paper A analyses the stated distress modes and causes reported on Swedish municipal cycle paths with respect to climatic and population data. Paper B evaluates a novel method for condition assessments on cycle paths related to cycling comfort—the Bicycle Measurement Trailer. PaperC proposes alternative deflection bowl parameters for structural evaluation of cycle paths from in-situ falling weight deflectometer and light weight deflectometer measurements. Paper D reports on the results of full-scale testing on instrumented cycle path structures. The main results from the papers indicate that surface roughness and unevenness, longitudinal cracks and edge deformations are the most common distress modes. The main reasons behind this distress are structural interventions, tree roots, frost heave and heavy vehicles. The load-bearing capacity close to the pavement edge and at increased moisture content is reduced. The proposed alternative approaches for cycle path condition assessment were able to assess the surface roughness and evenness, along with the structural condition, for practical applications on the investigated cycle paths. The conclusions of the thesis suggest that the structural design principles for cycle paths in the Swedish structural design manual needs to be updated. Models that better describe the behaviour of thin-surfaced asphalt pavements, especially with respect to climate, should be developed. More studies are recommended to validate the proposed condition assessment approaches.

Abstract [sv]

En förflyttning av bilresor till cykeltrafik har många fördelar, t.ex. förbättrad folkhälsa genom ökad fysisk aktivitet och minskade föroreningar och trängsel. En slät yta med adekvat friktion är viktigt för cyklisternas trafiksäkerhet, komfort och framkomlighet. Sprickor och ojämnheter är vanligt förekommande underhållsrelaterade brister som är kopplade till cykelvägens nedbrytning. Ett syfte med den här avhandlingen är att identifiera specifika nedbrytningsfaktorer för cykelvägar. Det görs genom en litteraturgenomgång och fyra vetenskapliga artiklar. Paper A analyserar skador och skadeorsaker, som rapporterats av svenska kommuner, med avseende på klimat och befolkningsdata. Paper B utvärderar en ny metod för tillståndsbedömningar av cykelvägar som beaktar cyklisters komfort—Cykelmätvagnen. Paper C föreslår en uppsättning alternativa deflektions bassängparametrar för hållfasthetsutvärdering av cykelvägar baserat på fältundersökning med fallviktsmätningar. Paper D rapporterar resultat från fullskaligare sponsmätningar på instrumenterade cykelvägskonstruktioner. Huvudresultaten från artiklarna indikerar att lokala ojämnheter, längsgående sprickor och kantdeformationer är de vanligaste skadetyperna. De vanligaste bakomliggande orsakerna uppges vara avgrävningar, trädrötter, tjällyft och tunga fordon. Cykelvägens bärförmåga minskar i närheten av cykelvägskanten och vid ett ökat fuktinehåll i konstruktionen. De föreslagna metoderna för tillståndsbedömning av cykelvägar visade sig kunna bedöma cykelvägytornas textur och jämnhet samt det strukturella tillståndet på ett bra sätt för de undersökta cykelvägarna. Avhandlingens slutsatser poängterar att principerna för dimensionering av cykelvägar enligt Trafikverkets krav eller rekommendationer bör uppdateras. Modeller som bättre beskriver tunna asfaltkonstruktioners beteende bör utvecklas, speciellt när det gäller hur de påverkas av klimatfaktorer. Mer studier behövs för att validera de föreslagna tillstånds bedömningsmetoderna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 127
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 257
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-22034 (URN)9789181062656 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-23, F3, Lindstedtvägen 28, KTH Campus, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental ResearchSwedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2025-05-14 Created: 2025-05-14 Last updated: 2025-05-14Bibliographically approved

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Larsson, MartinNiska, AnnaErlingsson, SigurdurThunholm, MattiasAndrén, Peter

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