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Modeling Automated Driving in Microscopic Traffic Simulations for Traffic Performance Evaluations: Aspects to Consider and State of the Practice
Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2919-0253
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. Department of Science and Technology (ITN) Linköping University Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4745-4865
Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9523-4453
Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1159-9584
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2023 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ISSN 1524-9050, E-ISSN 1558-0016, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 6558-6574Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The gradual deployment of automated vehicles on the existing road network will lead to a long transition period in which vehicles at different driving automation levels and capabilities will share the road with human driven vehicles, resulting into what is known as mixed traffic. Whether our road infrastructure is ready to safely and efficiently accommodate this mixed traffic remains a knowledge gap. Microscopic traffic simulation provides a proactive approach for assessing these implications. However, differences in assumptions regarding modeling automated driving in current simulation studies, and the use of different terminology make it difficult to compare the results of these studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to specify the aspects to consider for modeling automated driving in microscopic traffic simulations using harmonized concepts, to investigate how both empirical studies and microscopic traffic simulation studies on automated driving have considered the proposed aspects, and to identify the state of the practice and the research needs to further improve the modeling of automated driving. Six important aspects were identified: the role of authorities, the role of users, the vehicle system, the perception of surroundings based on the vehicle’s sensors, the vehicle connectivity features, and the role of the infrastructure both physical and digital. The research gaps and research directions in relation to these aspects are identified and proposed, these might bring great benefits for the development of more accurate and realistic modeling of automated driving in microscopic traffic simulations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2023. Vol. 24, no 6, p. 6558-6574
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18924DOI: 10.1109/tits.2022.3200176OAI: oai:DiVA.org:vti-18924DiVA, id: diva2:1694080
Note

Funding agencies: Applied and Technical Sciences (TTW), a subdomain of the Dutch Institute for Scientific Research (NWO) through the Project Safe and Efficient Operation of Automated and Human-Driven Vehicles in Mixed Traffic (SAMEN) (Grant Number: 17187)Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) through the Project Simulation and Modeling of Automated Road Transport (SMART) (Grant Number: TRV 2019/27044)

Available from: 2022-09-01 Created: 2022-09-08 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Developing Microscopic Traffic Simulation Models for the Transition Towards Automated Driving
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Developing Microscopic Traffic Simulation Models for the Transition Towards Automated Driving
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Vehicles with different capabilities for automated driving will gradually be deployed in road transportation systems over the coming decades. Mixed traffic conditions may change the characteristics of the traffic flow dynamics. 

Microscopic traffic simulation is used for studying traffic flow dynamics in transportation systems. By simulating the interactions between individual vehicles, effects caused by changes in the road infrastructure, by road closures, or by the number and the types of vehicles can be investigated. Impacts on traffic performance can be analyzed in terms of travel times, travel time delays, queue formations, or vehicle throughput. To evaluate the impact of automated driving on traffic performance using microscopic traffic simulation, existing microscopic driving models need to be further developed to describe automated driving. 

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how to further develop microscopic traffic simulation models for automated driving. In this investigation, the aspects to consider in simulation experiments including automated driving are identified. These aspects are the vehicle system, the role of authorities, the role of the users, of the infrastructure, of connectivity features, and of the sensor-based perception of the vehicles. A microscopic traffic simulation experiment showing the possible effects on a motorway in terms of vehicle throughput and travel delays is presented. 

A conceptual model that describes how driving automation systems deal with the perception tasks is proposed. Future research directions will focus on implementing this model for perception in traffic simulation platforms and on the modeling of lateral tactical maneuvers. iii 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. p. 40
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18934 (URN)10.3384/9789179294397 (DOI)9789179294380 (ISBN)9789179294397 (ISBN)
Presentation
2022-09-02, K2, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, 10:15
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-09-21 Created: 2022-09-21 Last updated: 2025-09-11Bibliographically approved
2. Microscopic Traffic Simulation of Automated Driving: Modeling and Evaluation of Traffic Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microscopic Traffic Simulation of Automated Driving: Modeling and Evaluation of Traffic Performance
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The introduction of automated driving systems (ADSs) in road transportation systems will affect the traffic flow characteristics, and have ripple effects which will lead to larger societal implications. The traffic flow is characterized by speed, density, and vehicular throughput, which determine the road capacity and the traffic performance in terms of, among others, travel times and delays. A tool used to study traffic flow dynamics and analyze traffic performance is microscopic traffic simulation, which works by describing the interactions between road users to simulate observed traffic phenomena.

To use microscopic traffic simulation to evaluate the impact of ADSs on traffic performance, driving models need to be able to simulate driving decisions and behavioral patterns of ADSs. Driving models have been proposed specifically for ADSs, however, it remains to be validated whether these driving models when used in combination with traditional human driving models adequately simulate mixed traffic that includes human drivers and ADSs. Ideally, a clear interpretation of the behavioral assumptions for each type of vehicle should be possible, as these determine the simulation results. However, it is challenging to compare behavioral assumptions when using different driving models to describe different vehicle types. Empirical research has validated that some driving models, such as the intelligent driver car-following model (IDM), are well-suited for describing both human or automated driving when calibrated with the proper data.

The aim of this thesis is two fold: to further develop microscopic traffic simulation for the study of mixed traffic, and to evaluate the effects of mixed traffic on motorway traffic performance. To enhance the modeling of mixed traffic, a model for perception is proposed which allows the explicit inclusion of perception errors in driving decisions. Its use, in combination with driving models capable of describing both human and automated driving, enables to make distinctions between human drivers and ADSs both in perception capabilities and in driving behavior. This modeling approach focuses on describing essential differences to simulate mixed traffic and removes risks involved in using different driving models.

Abstract [sv]

Introduktionen av självkörande fordon förväntas förändra våra transportsystem. Självkörande fordon förväntas förändra trafikflöden, påverka resmönster, påverka människors val av färdmedel och förändra beslutet att äga en bil. Dessa förändringar kan leda till större samhälleliga förändringar.

För att förstå hur självkörande fordon kan tänkas påverka trafiken är det viktigt att studera hur andelen självkörande fordon och deras beteende påverkar trafikflödesdynamiken. Faktorer som hastighet och antal fordon på vägen påverkar restider, sannolikheten för trafikstockningar och vägarnas kapacitet att hantera trafikvolymer.

En metod för att studera trafik är simulering. Genom simuleringar modelleras hur fordon och förare beter sig och samspelar med varandra och infrastrukturen, vilket möjliggör analys av verkliga trafikscenarier. Att simulera samspelet mellan självkörande och mänskligt körda fordon är dock en komplex utmaning. Självkörande och mänskligt körda fordon kommer att dela vägarna, och simuleringarna måste ta hänsyn till skillnaderna i beteende mellan dem.

Den forskning som presenteras här tar sig an utmaningen att modellera mänskligt körda fordon och självkörande fordon i trafiksimuleringar. För att åstadkomma detta måste skillnader i perception och beslutsfattande mellan mänskligt körda och självkörande fordon beaktas. Genom att dessa skillnader inkluderas visar jag att simuleringarna blir mer precisa och därmed möjliggör undersökning av effekter på vägkapacitet, förseningar och restider.

Utöver att förbättra forskares, väghållares och beslutsfattares förståelse för trafik som består av både mänskligt körda och självkörande fordon och deras prestanda, kan simuleringar också bidra till att undersöka frågor som hur självkörande fordon kan påverka trafiksäkerhet eller energiförbrukning. I takt med att teknik för självkörande fordon utvecklas kan simuleringsverktyg hjälpa till att skapa säkra, effektiva, hållbara och tillförlitliga transportsystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 73
Series
Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2434
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-21762 (URN)10.3384/9789181180046 (DOI)9789181180039 (ISBN)9789181180046 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-03-26, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-03-06 Created: 2025-03-06 Last updated: 2026-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Postigo, IvanRydergren, ClasOlstam, Johan

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