The number of bicycling fatalities was 19 450 between 2010 and 2018 in Europe. The number of bicyclists killed when intoxicated by alcohol is harder to establish given the lack of reliable data. In Sweden, drunk bicycling is socially acceptable and legal (unless reckless). This experiment aimed to investigate how alcohol intoxication affect bicycling stability performance, executive functions, and self-rated ability. The experiment was completed on a wide treadmill that allowed control of several influencing factors such as speed and physical effort. Intoxicated and sober participants bicycled on the treadmill for five 10 minute sessions. Alcohol as administered incrementally to reach a target breath alcohol concentration level of 0.8‰. Stability decreased with intoxication; especially roll rate measurements were identified as being adequate indicators of bicycling instability. Executive function was negatively affected, and ability ratings decreased due to intoxication. The intoxicated participants were aware of their reduced ability to bicycle in a safe manner on a group level but not on an individual level. However, this insight does not affect their intention to bicycle intoxicated.

Background: Shared spaces, in the context of road transport, often refer to areas shared by unprotected and protected road users and intended to facilitate a living city space for every-one. A basic idea behind shared spaces is to create traffic safety by inducing some uncertainty. This study investigates how young, middle-aged, and elderly pedestrians experience shared space, as well as whether and, if so, how two shared space designs (without and with large flowerpots) affect this experience.

Method: Thirty-seven participants, divided into three age groups, participated in the study, conducted in Fisherman's Square, Västervik, Sweden. An adjacent non-signal-regulated pedestrian crossing was used as a control. Two studies – visual scanning and Q studies – were combined. In the visual scanning study, eye-tracking examined how the two designs affected the participants’ visual scanning behaviour (i.e., what participants looked at) as pedestrians. In the Q-study, Q-methodology was used to examine how the two designs affected the participants’ experiences as pedestrians.

Results: The visual scanning study showed that different age groups were affected in different ways by designs without and with large flowerpots in the shared space. While the middle-aged participants always glanced more often at traffic-relevant objects, and young participants always glanced equally often at traffic-relevant and non-traffic-relevant objects, the elderly participants changed their visual scanning behaviour depending on the design. Without large flowerpots deployed, the elderly participants glanced more often at traffic-relevant than non-traffic-relevant objects. No such difference was obtained when large flowerpots were deployed. The Q-study showed that participants, regardless of age, experienced no great uncertainty in this shared space. The perceived uncertainty, which nevertheless existed, was reduced with large flowerpots deployed to recreate the traditional division with clear zones where pedestrians could stay in relatively car-free areas while motor vehicles had clear paths to travel along.

Conclusion: The results suggest that shared space, without large flowerpots, succeeded in inducing some uncertainty, especially among middle-aged and elderly pedestrians. However, deploying large flowerpots seemed to decrease this uncertainty, especially among elderly pedestrians. The major concern prompted by these results is how this decreased uncertainty affects traffic safety. Shared space also needs to be studied from the car driver's perspective to understand the interaction between different road user groups. © 2022 The Author(s)

Antalet dödsfall på cykel var 19 450 mellan 2010 och 2018 i Europa. Antalet cyklister som dödats när de var berusade av alkohol är svårare att fastställa med tanke på bristen på tillförlitliga uppgifter. I Sverige är det socialt acceptabelt och lagligt att cykla om du har druckit alkohol så länge du inte uppträder vårdslöst.

Syftet med experimentet var att undersöka hur olika nivåer av berusning påverkade cykelprestationen (stabilitet), kognitiva funktioner och självskattad cykelförmåga. I experimentet studerade vi även hur dessa tre mått var relaterade till attityder och intentionen att cykla när de var berusade.

Experimentet genomfördes på ett brett rullband med möjlighet att kontrollera flera påverkande faktorer såsom hastighet och fysisk ansträngning. Berusade och nyktra deltagare cyklade på rullbandet fem gånger á 10 minuter och BrAC-nivåerna mättes 5 gånger. Deltagarna försågs med alkohol till dess att de nådde en alkoholnivå på 0,8 ‰.

Shared space avser ofta en yta som är gemensam för oskyddade och skyddade trafikanter och som ska inbjuda till ett levande stadsrum för alla. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur unga, medelålders och äldre upplever shared space utifrån ett fotgängarperspektiv. Syftet var vidare att undersöka om, och i så fall hur, en alternativ utformning av ytan (med eller utan stora blomkrukor utplacerade) påverkar deras upplevelse. I studien kombinerades två olika metoder: en ögonrörelsestudie och en Q-studie. Q-Metoden är en metod som används inom psykologi och samhällsvetenskap för att studera människors ”subjektivitet” - det vill säga deras åsikter som i detta fall att vara fotgängare på Fiskaretorget i Västervik. Totalt 37 deltagare, uppdelat på de tre åldersklasserna, deltog i studien som genomfördes på Fiskaretorget och ett angränsande icke-signalreglerat övergångsställe i Västervik. Ungefär hälften av deltagarna genomförde försöket med och hälften utan stora blomkrukor utplacerade på torget. Resultaten av ögonrörelsestudien visar att medelålders tycktes uppleva en ökad riskmedvetenhet i avsaknad av den traditionella uppdelningen mellan oskyddade och skyddade trafikanter. Unga och äldre tittade däremot ungefär lika mycket på trafikrelevanta föremål, oavsett om det fanns stora blomkrukor utplacerade eller inte. Samtidigt visar Q-studien att fotgängare, oavsett ålder, inte upplevde någon större osäkerhet på denna typ av gemensamhetsytor. Den upplevda osäkerheten som trots allt fanns, minskades med de stora blomkrukor som återskapade den traditionella uppdelningen med tydliga zoner eller stråk där fotgängare kan vistas i ett relativt bilfritt område medan motorfordonen får tydliga stråk att färdas längs. Utifrån dessa resultat rekommenderar vi att man, istället för shared spaces, utformar gemensamhetsytor med tydliga säkerhetszoner där fotgängare kan vistas i ett relativt bilfritt område.

A shared space, in the context of road transport, often refers to an area that is shared by unprotected and protected road users and is intended to facilitate a living city space for everyone. The purpose of this study was to investigate how young, middle-aged and elderly people experience shared space from a pedestrian perspective, but also to investigate whether, and if so, how an alternative design of the area (with or without large flower pots) affects their experience. In the study, two different methods were combined; an eye tracking study and a Q-study. The Q method is a research method that is used in psychology and social sciences to investigate people's subjective views on a particular matter, phenomenon or topic. In this study, the Q method is used to investigate pedestrian experiences of two different design configurations - with or without large flower pots deployed - on the Fiskaretorget (eng. Fisherman’s Square) in Västervik. A total of 37 participants, divided into the three age groups, participated in the study, which was carried out at the Fiskaretorget and an adjacent non-signal-regulated pedestrian crossing in Västervik. About half of the participants carried out the experiment with, and half without large flower pots placed on the square. The results of the eye tracking study show that middle-aged pedestrians seemed to experience increased risk awareness, in the absence of the traditional division between unprotected and protected road users. Young and older, on the other hand, looked about the same amount of traffic-related objects, regardless of whether there were large flower pots placed or not. At the same time, the Q-study shows that pedestrians, regardless of age, did not experience any great uncertainty on this type of common areas. The perceived uncertainty, which nevertheless existed, was further reduced with large flower pots that recreated the traditional division with clear zones or stretches, pedestrians can stay in a relatively car-free area while the motor vehicles get clear paths to travel along. Based on these results, we recommend that, instead of a shared space design, designing common areas should have clear safe zones where pedestrians can stay in relatively car-free areas.

This report is the final deliverable for X2Rail-2 Task 6.6 Standard Operator Workstation which is one of seven sub-tasks in X2Rail-2 WP6. This task is led by Thales and includes; TRV, VTI, Indra, NR, Bombardier, Siemens, Ansaldo, Systra, SNCF, DB and Hacon. The aim of the deliverable is to build upon the work completed in In2Rail D7.3 Standard Operator Workstation which predominantly focused on the physical parameters of workstation design and defines the software and user interface requirements of a future operator workstation.The intention is not to define the end to end solution but a risk based approach has been taken to define principles and key requirements to inform design decisions. The work draws upon human factors best practice and utilises the latest software trends and capabilities to ensure a state of the art future workstation concept. The report draws upon a system architecture method defined as ‘plug and play’ as a way to ensure greater flexibility in product deployment and user interface design. However it highlights the need to consider the complexity of integrating multiple suppliers’ products and the challenges in ensuring a common look and feel to support user experience. Multiple methods of integrating separate products to different levels are explored and assessed in this document. As well as this it identifies the need to assure the impact that a flexible user interface has on human performance and therefore overall system performance and effectiveness of managing the railway. 

I dagsläget vet vi väldigt lite om både förekomsten och om riskerna med alkohol och andra droger i samband med cykling. För att kunna intensifiera det förebyggande trafiksäkerhetsarbetet krävs därför ökad kunskap. Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga alkohol- och drogprevalensen hos cyklister. Droger definieras i detta sammanhang som cannabis, kokain, amfetamin, spice och andra olagliga substanser såsom olagliga läkemedel och kroppsbyggarpreparat. Totalt 1 769 personer mellan 18 och 65 år (55 procent män och 44 procent kvinnor) besvarade en enkät med bakgrundsfrågor och frågor om hur ofta de använt alkohol eller andra droger rent generellt samt hur ofta de cyklat efter att ha använt alkohol eller andra droger under 2018.

In Sweden, there is a strong political desire to shift car traffic to cycling. While the number of road fatalities among motor vehicle occupants have seen a substantial decrease, the same positive trend has, not been found among cyclists. To increase safe cycling, different traffic safety measures is therefore needed. One such attempt is the Swedish Transport Administration’s re-design of five rural road-segments in the southern part of Sweden. On the re-designed segments, the hard shoulders on each side of the road are broadened to give more space to cyclists. At the same time, the area for motor vehicles is narrowed to a single lane where the motor vehicle drivers are forced to adapt their driving to the flow of cyclists when meeting another motor vehicle. The aim of the present study was to evaluate these re-designed rural road segments, focusing on the beliefs underpinning the road users’ attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control associated with these segments.

Avsikten med det tvärvetenskapliga forskningsprogrammet En stark forskningsmiljö inom området hjulburna oskyddade trafikanter är att öka kunskapen om hjulburna oskyddade trafikanter och deras speciella förutsättningar i trafikmiljön för att på sikt kunna bidra till att nå det nationella hänsynsmålet med fokus på säkerhet. Syftet med denna modellrapport är att sammanfatta resultat och föreslagna åtgärder från de övriga åtta projekten inom ramen för forskningsprogrammet, men även från tidigare forskning och andra programövergripande aktiviteter, i en modell för säker cykling. Med modell avser vi i detta fall en lista över åtgärdsförslag som i enlighet med Haddons matris, utökad med förutsättningar, är riktade mot cyklisten, cykeln och trafikmiljön. För varje åtgärdsförslag finns även angivet var i händelseförloppet från förutsättningar till krasch som åtgärden bör sättas in samt vilka aktörer vi anser är lämpade att initiera och implementera åtgärdsförslagen. För att åstadkomma säker cykling visar resultaten att man måste titta på transportsystemet i sin helhet vilket i sin tur kräver samverkan mellan olika aktörer. Slutligen behövs fortsatt forskning för att kunna optimera utformningen av de olika åtgärderna och utvärdering för att säkerställa att de haft önskad effekt.

The main aim of the multi-disciplinary scientific research programme A strong research environment in the field of non-motorised vulnerable road users is to increase our knowledge of unprotected twowheeled or non-motorised road users and their special requirements in the road traffic environment. The aim being to, in the long-term, to contribute to the Swedish national road safety goals. The objective of the Model for Safe Cycling report is to summarise the results and suggested actions from the eight projects that were conducted within the framework of the research programme; a literature study; and other programme related activities, in a conceptual model based on Haddon’s matrix. With a model, in this case, we mean that a list of suggested implementation actions, structured according to Haddon’s matrix and embellished with prerequisites directed towards the cyclist, the bicycle and the road environment. Each of the suggested actions or implementation suggestions, are organised along the chain of events from the prerequisite phase to the crash phase. Stakeholders are identified for each of the suggested actions for implementation. In summary, the results suggest one must look at the (road) transport system as a whole to provide a system for safe cycling. To be able to acquire a holistic approach, cooperation between stakeholders is necessary. Finally, more research is required to find optimal solutions and designs tailored to the actions that must also be evaluated to assure that the desired effects are reached.

Från den 1 november 2009 infördes en obligatorisk riskutbildning för behörighet A och A1 (tung respektive lätt motorcykel) för att öka motorcyklisters riskmedvetenhet. Utbildningen består av två delar: Del 1 är teoretisk och del 2 praktisk. Året efter införandet genomförde VTI en utvärdering av denna utbildning för att undersöka om det skett någon förändring i synen på risktagning efter införandet av den nya riskutbildningen. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att replikera den tidigare studien för att se om utbildningen nu fått större effekt men också om det fortfarande finns brister. Till skillnad från studien som publicerades 2011, som enbart bestod av en enkätstudie, innefattade den senare studien även observationer och intervjuer med utbildningsansvariga.

On 1 November 2009 a compulsory risk education program for all students learning to ride a motorbike was introduced, in order to enhance their perception of risk. The education consists of two parts: Part 1 is theoretical and part 2 practical. The year after the introduction a study was conducted by VTI with the aim of evaluating if motorcyclists’ perception of risk has changed as a consequence of risk education. The purpose of the present study is to replicate the previous one that was carried out after the new rules were introduced to see if the education has become more effective and to see if there are still some shortcomings. Unlike the study published in 2011, which only consisted of a survey, the latter study also included observations and interviews with professionals.

In Sweden, as well as in many countries in Scandinavia and in northern Europe, there is a growing trend towards daily sport and exercise cycling and cycle commuting. Cycling on rural roads is, whether for health, exercise, sports, leisure or commuting, is hampered by feelings of insecurity and risk caused by motorised traffic passing too close to the cyclist sharing the rural road. A cyclist is often overtaken by cars and other motorised vehicles and does not have control over the distance between them and the other vehicles. However, if the cyclist had control over the distance between themselves and the motor vehicle/object, how much space would they give themselves?

The aim of this study was to investigate a scenario where the cyclists had control over the distance between themselves and a fictive motor vehicle or road side object and assess how much space they would give themselves.