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  • 1.
    Antonson, Hans
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    People and parking requirements: Residential attitudes and day-to-day consequences of a land use policy shift towards sustainable mobility2017In: Land use policy, ISSN 0264-8377, E-ISSN 1873-5754, no 62, p. 213-222Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A land use policy shift is taking place in a growing number of cities regarding parking, whereby a conventional supply management approach is being replaced with a parking management approach. As part of this policy shift, many cities are lowering their parking requirements.

    This study analysed changes in car use, car ownership, spatial parking patterns and the consequences for the everyday life of residents in a housing area with a relatively restrictive parking requirement in Gothenburg, the second largest city in Sweden. The housing area, a concrete example of how lowering parking requirements can be used to achieve targets on reduced car use and sustainable urban development, is used to discuss how parking policy should be applied to achieve the desired effect.

    The results show that the consequences of the restrictive requirement was paradoxically small in the study area. In practice, the requirement did not result in a decrease in the number of parking spaces, because e.g. of access to parking in neighbouring residential areas. This shows how important it is to adopt a holistic approach in parking policy, by e.g.introducing more restrictive parking requirements in parallel with other measures, such as raising parking charges and decreasing the number of public parking spaces. It also shows that planning of parking must be coordinated with other urban planning functions. Otherwise, the actual contribution of a shift in parking policy to the development of a more environmentally friendly transport system and city risks being small, despite lower parking requirements

  • 2.
    Bjørnskau, Torkel
    et al.
    Transportøkonomisk institutt, Oslo.
    Assum, Terje
    Transportøkonomisk institutt, Oslo.
    Eriksson, Louise
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Nyberg, Jonna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Personvern og ITS-baserte trafikksikkerhetstiltak: en studie av streknings-ATK, automatisk fartstilpasning (ISA) og atferdsregistrator (EDR)2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [no]

    Nye ITS-baserte trafikksikkerhetstiltak som kan brukes til å registrere og regulere uønsket atferd i trafikken, har et stort potensial for å øke trafikksikkerheten. Men de kan komme i konflikt med personvernet. Streknings-ATK og EDR har klare implikasjoner for personvernet og at ISA kan ha det om data fra ISA-systemet lagres. Konsekvensene for personvernet er tolket ulikt i Norge og Sverige. Prøvedrift med streknings-ATK på flere strekninger er startet opp i Norge, men i Sverige er dette ikke aktuelt pga. hensynet til personvern. I begge land installeres ISA i offentlige tjenestebiler. EDR har fått liten oppmerksomhet i begge land. Bileierne er overveiende positive til både streknings-ATK og ISA. Jo større forståelsen for at fart er en risikofaktor, desto større er aksepten for slike fartsregulerende tiltak. Bileierne er mest skeptiske til atferdsregistratorer som i dag er lite kjent. Atferdsregistratorer, som ?event data recorder? eller ?black box?, er imidlertid i ferd med å bli svært vanlige i moderne biler ? og stadig mer data fra kjøretøyene lagres. Bileiere bør derfor i større grad få informasjon om dette og tilgang til de data som registreres.

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  • 3.
    Forsman, Åsa
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic safety, society and road-user.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Wiklund, Mats
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Co-operation between police and social treatment services offering treatment to drink and drug drivers: experience in Sweden2011In: Traffic Injury Prevention, ISSN 1538-9588, E-ISSN 1538-957X, Vol. 12, no 1, p. 9-17Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To describe and analyze a measure that has been introduced in Sweden with the objective of quickly offering treatment for the alcohol or drug problems suspected drink or drug drivers may have. The goal of the measure is that every suspected drink or drug driver shall, as soon as apprehended by the police, be offered contact with the social services or the dependency care and treatment service, which can offer a consultation and, if needed, suitable treatment.

    Method: Interviews and questionnaire surveys, as well as forms that describe the treatment received by each individual case.

    Results: About 20 percent of all those who receive the offer from the police accept contact with the social services or the care and treatment service, and approximately 40 percent of these also attend the consultation. There is a favorable fundamental attitude to the method among the participating authorities. However, some shortcomings in application are revealed. One example concerns drug drivers who are offered contact with the social services or the care and treatment service to a considerably lesser extent than drink drivers. Another neglected group are the people who are at first suspected of drink driving but are later found to have an alcohol concentration below the legal limit. Compared with those who have an alcohol concentration above the legal limit, this group is offered contact to a lesser extent and also have a lower propensity to accept the offer.

    Conclusions: The results indicate a strong support for the method from involved authorities, but participation could be improved by giving more attention to neglected groups.

  • 4.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic safety, society and road-user.
    Nyberg, Jonna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    The Swedish Joint Action Method against Drink Driving: A Study of Suspected Drink Drivers' Own Experiences2016In: Traffic Injury Prevention, ISSN 1538-9588, E-ISSN 1538-957X, Vol. 17, no 6, p. 558-563Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, a joint action method called SMADIT is in use, where the police quickly offer help from the social services or the dependency care and treatment service to suspected drink drivers. One conclusion from this paper is that SMADIT, as an innovative method that can be deployed more rapidly than other alcohol-impaired driving countermeasures, should be considered as a good complement to conventional methods to deal with drink driving.

    The objective of this paper is to analyse the experiences of suspected drink drivers who accepted the offer of help, and what it meant for them. To enable comparisons over time, in-depth interviews were conducted with twelve suspected drink drivers on two occasions with one year between.

    To varying degrees the informants knew about their alcohol problems, but were unsure if they would have sought help by themselves. Therefore, the original ideas of the method with an initial contact with the social services or the dependency care and treatment service within 24 hours, was found to be important. However, the results also showed that some of the informants needed some time before the first meeting as they were in shock from the drink driving incident or in need of sleep.

    Results also shows that an encouraging attitude among the police, the social services, and the dependency care and treatment service is important for the success of the SMADIT method. The informants are satisfied with the method, and in retrospect the incident and the SMADIT offer of help are described as a turning point in their lives. One year after being offered help the informants had gained insights into the harm they could have done to other road users when they drove while drunk.

  • 5. Hansson, Philip
    et al.
    Pettersson, Fredrik
    Khan, Jamil
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Kommunerna och kollektivtrafiken: en enkätundersökning om Sveriges kommuners arbete för att stödja kollektivtrafiken2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med denna rapport är att ge en bild av hur Sveriges kommuner arbetar med att främja kollektivtrafiken. Trots att kommunerna i de flesta fall inte har direkt rådighet över kollektivtrafiken påverkar kommunal styrning områden såsom bebyggelseplanering och lokalisering, trafikplanering (ex omfördelning av befintlig vägkapacitet), reglering av biltrafik (ex. parkering, bilfria zoner, m.m.) mobility management och gröna resplaner. Rapporten baseras på en enkätstudie som har riktats till landets samtliga kommuner.

    Resultaten visar både på likheter och skillnader mellan kommunerna avseende målsättningar, definitioner av begrepp och vilken typ av åtgärder och arbetssätt som förekommer. Ett generellt och förväntat mönster är att befolkningsmässigt större och täta kommuner jobbar mer med frågor kring kollektivtrafik, medan frågorna har mindre fokus i mindre och glesare kommuner. Samma, förväntade mönster gäller avseende målbilder och åtgärder för minskad biltrafik; det är vanligare att frågorna är i fokus i mer urbana områden.

    Hur man definierar mål om att öka kollektivtrafiken varierar. Kommunerna jobbar med en bred palett av åtgärder för att främja kollektivtrafiken såsom uppgradering av bytespunkter, ny eller förbättrad infrastruktur för buss-och spårtrafik, reservation av mark för framtida behov och byte av bränsle. Analysen tyder på att det finns ett samband mellan att ha ett mål om ökad kollektivtrafik och att genomföra åtgärder, d.v.s. det är vanligare att kommuner som har ett mål om ökad kollektivtrafik genomför åtgärder för att främja kollektivtrafiken än de kommuner som inte har något mål.

    Det finns inget tydligt samband mellan att ha ett mål om minskning av biltrafiken och att genomföra åtgärder för att minska biltrafiken. Det är vanligare att kommuner genomför åtgärder för att sänka hastigheten än åtgärder såsom att minska antalet parkeringsplatser, eller höjda parkeringsavgifter.

    Förekomsten av tydliga definitioner av begrepp såsom kollektivtrafiknära läge och täthet i landets kommuner varierar. Många kommuner har en definition av kollektivtrafiknära läge (vars innebörd dock kan variera betydligt), medan definitioner av begreppet täthet är betydligt ovanligare. Resultaten från enkätstudien indikerar att här finns potential för vidareutveckling av metoder och arbetssätt kopplade till definitionerna av begreppen. Vissa kommuners arbetssätt borde också kunna ligga till grund för kunskapsöverföring mellan kommuner.

    När det gäller attityd-och beteendepåverkan är det relativt vanligt med vissa typer av åtgärder, såsom kommuninterna resepolicies som prioriterar kollektivtrafik före bil, informationskampanjer och ”prova på” kampanjer. Det är mer ovanligt att man jobbar för att andra aktörer ska införa resepolicies. Även här finns det en potential för utveckling och kunskapsöverföring mellan kommuner.

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  • 6.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Cars. Problematisations, measures and blind spots in local transport and land use policy2019In: Land use policy, ISSN 0264-8377, E-ISSN 1873-5754, Vol. 87, article id 104014Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Goals concerning reduced car traffic are found in most European cities, indicating a potential change in local transport policy and land use planning, which have traditionally been very car-centric. This paper analyses goals and measures to reduce car traffic in Swedish municipalities’ long-term transport and land use plans. Theoretically, the paper is based on an understanding of policies as parts of ‘problem representations’ that create particular ways of understanding car traffic as a policy problem, which in turn influence the measures seen as appropriate or inappropriate. The results indicate that changes are underway. At the heart of these changes are narratives about city development in which municipalities understand the ‘attractive city’ as one where cars are defined as a problem to be addressed. However, the dominant policy problematisation produce several ‘blind spots’. Regional car trips, including travel to out-of-town shopping areas, are left unproblematised in this representation of the problem, meaning that measures addressing such trips are ignored in policy making. The paper builds our understanding of how policy practices influence the potential for change towards sustainability by discussing whether municipalities are doing enough to address the big problems with cars.

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  • 7.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Integrating transport and land-use planning?: How steering cultures in local authorities affect implementation of integrated public transport and land-use planning2015In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, ISSN 0965-8564, E-ISSN 1879-2375, Vol. 74, p. 1-13Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous research has shown integrated planning to be important for achieving aims concerning more environmentally friendly transport operations, but less good at explaining prerequisites of implementation. This paper analyses how management and working practises in local authorities, here understood as steering cultures, affect implementation of integrated land-use and public transport planning approaches. The analysis builds on case studies of planning in two Swedish municipalities. These have developed two antithetical steering cultures, namely one that can be described as deliberative and one that can be described as sectorised. The paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of these steering cultures. The findings show the deliberative model to facilitate integration through advanced mechanisms of consensus and co-ordination between policy-makers and officials. The sectorised model has no such mechanisms, but this need not result in poor prospects of integrated planning. It is important for integrated planning approaches, whatever the steering culture, to be in line with the institutionalised norms and objectives by which planning practices are governed. Integration therefore needs a normative component, so as to ensure implementation. The important normative component in this context can be construed as discourses and rationales concerning transport and the urban development of which public transport forms part.

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  • 8.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Litteraturstudie om integritetsaspekter av Intelligent Speed Adaption (ISA) och Event Data Recorder (EDR)2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna litteraturstudie analyserar hur integritetsfrågor har diskuterats i anslutning till Intelligent Speed Adaption (ISA) och Event Data Recorder (EDR). En EDR är ett instrument som registrerar och lagrar information om fordon några sekunder före, under och efter en krock. ISA är ett samlingsnamn för tekniker som varnar förare när de överskrider hastighetsgränser och/eller förhindrar förare att köra fortare än tillåtet. ISA-tekniken avgör fordonets geografiska lokalisering, jämför fordonets hastighet med gällande hastighetsgräns och varnar föraren om den överskrids. Det som EDR och ISA har gemensamt är att förarnas beteende registreras. Med lagringen av data och registreringen av beteenden följer en tydlig integritetsproblematik.

    Litteraturstudien visar att det är sällan integritetsfrågor behandlas och när det sker är det ofta relativt ytligt. Det är sällan möjligt att få kunskap om vad exempelvis politiker, företag och förare tycker om teknikerna genom tidigare studier. De studier som finns handlar mest om hur förare upplever användarvänligheten, till exempel angående ISA. Det saknas helt enkelt problematiserande studier som går på djupet med integritet och EDR och ISA. De slutsatser som man trots allt kan dra är att befintlig litteratur framförallt sätter integritetsproblem i samband med vad man kan använda tekniken till i framtiden. Fler parametrar kommer exempelvis att kunna registreras under längre tid av EDR-tekniken. Det ställer krav på teknisk standardisering och regler för hur och vem som ska kunna använda data. Hindren för införandet av EDR och ISA förefaller utifrån tidigare studier emellertid inte vara brist på till exempel lagstiftning utan vad allmänheten är villig att acceptera. Det är därför extra intressant att notera att det saknas djuplodande studier av beslutsfattares och förares perspektiv om integritet och EDR/ISA.

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  • 9.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Miljövänligare transporter?: Mål- och intressekonflikter i kommunala och regionala besluts- och planeringsprocesser2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this report is to analyse how conflicting objectives and interests affect the possibilities for creating more environmentally friendly transport systems at the local and regional level in Sweden. The issues are addressed through an analysis of the decision-making and planning processes at two local authorities – Örebro and Borlänge – and one region, Skåne. These three examples together show how a local authority’s economic motives need to be managed and regulated in order to facilitate an increased rate of conversion to more environmentally friendly transport systems. There are at least two ways to achieve this. The first is to change the legislation and regulations governing local authority decision-making and planning. It would, for example, be possible to regulate retail development through new legislation; apart from ensuring cooperation between local authorities, it would influence the power relationships between companies and local authorities, which at present allow businesses to play authorities off against one another. Revised legislation could restrict the ‘planning monopoly’ held by local authorities. Such restrictions are a highly controversial issue, and attract very little political support. Another way to tackle the problem would therefore be to work within the framework of existing legislation and to use the local authorities’ economic motives to put in place more environmentally friendly social planning. The example of public transport regulation, regional cooperation, and social planning in Skåne shows that this can be one possible way forward in order to enhance decision-making and planning as seen from an environmental perspective.

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  • 10.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Mål och åtgärder för minskad biltrafik i svenska kommuner2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I denna rapport studeras mål och åtgärder för minskad biltrafik i svenska kommuner. Resultaten visar att kommunernas arbete för minskad biltrafik mycket tydligt fokuserar på de centrala delarna av kommunernas centralorter. Det är tydligt att det är bilens negativa effekter på stadsutvecklingen som är det viktigaste skälet till att minska andelen biltrafik. Stadens ”attraktivitet” är ett återkommande nyckelbegrepp i beskrivningar av framtidens stad och biltrafikens roll. Kommunerna vill skapa en stad som är estetiskt tilltalande, attraktiv för boende, besökare och handel. I den attraktiva staden ska gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafik spela en viktigare roll än förut, och i linje med det anser man att biltrafiken bör prioriteras lägre. Kommunerna vill ändra förhållningssätt i trafik- och stadsplanering och sluta planera för rörlighet, som man anser sig ha gjort tidigare, och istället planera för tillgänglighet.

    De åtgärder som man vill genomföra kan sorteras i tre kategorier. I den första kategorin ingår åtgärder som går ut på att öka gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafikens attraktivitet jämfört med bilen. En andra kategori av åtgärder är sådana som ger gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafiken prioritet där de konkurrerar med biltrafiken om utrymme i stadsmiljön eller trafiksystemet. En tredje vanligt förekommande kategori av åtgärder, och den som kommer närmast direkta restriktioner, är parkeringsåtgärder. 

    Kommunernas arbete med att minska biltrafiken kännetecknas av några mer eller mindre s.k. ”blinda fläckar”. Några av dessa är: a) Bilresor till och från externhandel, b) Biltrafiken i övriga tätorter och på landsbygden, c) Regionala resor med bil, d) Mål om minskat resande med bil, och samordningen med investeringar i väginfrastruktur och vägkapacitet, som ökar biltrafikens framkomlighet.

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  • 11.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    The Tyranny of Small Decisions: Unsustainable Cities and Local Day-to-Day Transport Planning2011In: Planning Theory & Practice, ISSN 1464-9357, E-ISSN 1470-000X, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 511-524Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Though new goals for sustainable cities and transport systems have been developed, decisions and planning at a local level often fail to achieve these ambitions. The purpose of this article is to analyse the factors in local decision-making and planning practice that conduce to urban sprawl and increased car traffic. The article analyses how the conscious application of so-called “day-to-day decision-making and planning”, results in a diminution of planning's role as a strategic tool, in concealment of the environmental impact of increased traffic, in the deprioritization of environmental goals in favour of growth, and in the “tyranny of small decisions”, where the need to make many individual decisions distracts from the achievement of sustainable city and transport systems. Day-to-day decision-making and planning are analysed and described in a case study centring on retail trade on the outskirts of the Swedish town of Örebro.

  • 12.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Antonson, Hans
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Handling User Needs: Methods for Knowledge Creation in Swedish Transport Planning2012In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 4, no 3, p. 115-123Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Transport planning faces new demands for a dialogue with users. Transport planners no longer just build roads; nowadays they also must listen to users, whose wishes are meant to have an impact on the design and maintenance of the road transport system. Yet how can we know what users really want? This article sets out to analyze the methods with which transport planners gather information about users and their needs; to do so, it uses a case-study of how transport planners at the National Swedish Road Authority handle these questions on a day-to-day basis.

    The results show that the planners’ practices can be analytically understood as something that produces knowledge, representativity, and the identities and needs of the users. The planners base their analyses of user need largely on personal experience. The descriptive, interpretative, and evaluating elements in their knowledge production tend to be hidden in central policy documents and theworkings of operational planning systems. If the goals with respect to user influence are to be attained, transport planning must be pursued with a greater understanding of how it conceives of its users as specific categories with particular needs and identities.

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  • 13.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Antonson, Hans
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Kundorientering av myndigheter: hur kunskap om medborgarna och näringslivet skapas i Vägverket2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    New demands for dialogue with users are being made in transport planning. Transport planners no longer just build roads. Nowadays they also must listen to the users, and the wishes of the users have an impact on the design and maintenance of the road transport system. But how can we know what the users really want? The aim of this report is to analyze the methods which transport planners use to create knowledge about the users and their needs. This is done by means of a case study of how transport planners at the Swedish Road Administration concretely handle these questions. The results of interviews show that planners experience problems when using the institutionalized so-called "customer capture methods" that the head office has created. Some examples of these institutionalized methods are for instance market surveys, national measurements of the satisfaction of the users with the work of the Swedish Transport Administration - so-called Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The planners for example feel that they cannot use these methods for solving problems of representativeness. The interviews with the planners at the Swedish Transport Administration show how they wrestle with the question of who are representative of the users and what they want. The results show that the planners' practices analytically can be understood as something that produces knowledge, representativity and the identities and needs of the users. The planners to a great extent base their analyses on personal experiences. The planners do realize the interpretive aspects of the planning, but at the same time the descriptive, interpretative and valuating aspects of the knowledge production tend to be hidden in central policy documents and systems of operational planning.

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  • 14.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Forsberg, Inger
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Utvärdering av projektet Nationell samverkan mot alkohol och droger i trafiken enligt Skelleftemodellen: intervjuundersökning2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    The Skellefte Model is a project that is intended to reduce the number of repeat drunk driving offences by improving cooperation between agencies such as the police, social services and addiction treatment systems. This report is intended to assess the deficiencies and merits that exist according to people who are working with the Skellefte Model. The study is based on material from twenty interviews that were conducted between October 2007 and January 2008. Overall, the interviewees paint a relatively positive picture of the Skellefte Model, and they are often highly motivated.

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  • 15.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Forsman, Åsa
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Forsberg, Inger
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Wiklund, Mats
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Utvärdering av projektet Nationell samverkan mot alkohol och droger i trafiken enligt Skelleftemodellen: syntesrapport2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The Skellefte Model is a project whose purpose is to reduce the number of repeated drunk driving offences by improving cooperation between the police, social services, addiction treatment systems, county administrative boards, public prosecutors, judges and the criminal justice system. The project's key concept is that suspected drunk drivers must come into contact with municipal social services or be taken care of by the county council addiction treatment system as quickly as possible, and preferably within 24 hours after being apprehended and questioned by the police. The evaluation indicates that the Skellefte Model is socio-economically beneficial. A majority of those who are working in the project also believe that the model works well, but that there are numerous problems, such as administrative problems and routines, a need to better embed the model among administrators, etc. The evaluation also shows that there is room for improvement in the handling of drugged drivers. The results differ greatly from county to county. The inter-county differences are likely due to factors such as when the project began and discrepancies in terms of the application of routines, motivation and embedment among employees. They may also be attributable to some extent to the fact that some aspects of the Skellefte Model are being applied in different ways and adapted to disparate local and regional conditions.

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  • 16.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hansson, Lisa
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Richardson, Tim
    Svensson, Tomas
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Lissandrello, Enza
    Aalborg University .
    Naess, Petter
    Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
    Tennøy, Aud
    TØI, The Institute of Transport Economics .
    Longva, Frode
    TØI, The Institute of Transport Economics .
    Innovations for sustainable public transport: Experiences and challenges in the Scandinavian countries2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the project has been to analyse institutional and planning conditions for public transport in the Scandinavian countries from a comparative perspective, looking at the county of Skåne (Sweden) and the municipalities of Aarhus (Denmark) and Trondheim (Norway). The report considers qualitative case studies of public transport in Skåne, Aarhus, and Trondheim, and uses an empirical material consisting of written material and interviews. It concludes that: (i) new forms of coordination between organizations and policy areas are called for in a number of critical areas, if public transport is to contribute effectively to the development of an efficient and sustainable transport system (for example, forms for the coordination of public transport, land use, and infrastructure planning); (ii) public transport must not be seen as an end in itself, or as merely a technical transport system; (iii) the successful pursuit of public-transport innovations relies upon complex, interwoven stories and arguments that persuade diverse actors and organizations to collaborate and act on their shared meanings; and (iiii) there is a need to challenge the planning myths used to mobilize support for land-use and traffic system developments that undermine the long-term competitiveness of public transport.

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  • 17.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Antonson, Hans
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Parkeringsnormer för bostäder: Porslinsfabriken – ett exempel på samspelet mellan läge, kollektivtrafik- och parkeringsutbud2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report analyses the effects of lowered parking requirements for residents in the centrally located, relatively newly built housing area, Porslinsfabriken in Gothenburg. Porslinsfabriken has a relatively low parking requirement of 0.57 places per apartment and is a good example of a parking policy being introduced in many Swedish municipalities. The results show that 19 percent of households have decreased their car ownership and also drive fewer miles because of parking opportunities. However, the majority have not altered their car ownership or car use. There are few differences between groups with different occupations, education, age, gender and/or family situation as regards car ownership, car use or the consequences of parking for everyday life.

    Most are happy with the parking situation. A parking requirement of 0.57 for a centrally located housing area with good public transport, close proximity to services and good opportunities for cycling, walking and using public transport has decreased overall car use. However, the range of parking available in the immediate area gives residents a choice of parking spaces. The majority of residents commute by private car as before, and many others have kept their cars. The parking requirement could therefore have been lower. A practical implication of the results is that a lower parking requirement for construction of new apartment blocks must be accompanied by a well-coordinated battery of other measures, such as good access to public transport, higher parking charges, a reduction in public parking spaces etc.

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  • 18.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Richardson, Tim
    Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning.
    Choosing conflict on the road to sustainable mobility: A risky strategy for breaking path dependency in urban policy making2013In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, ISSN 0965-8564, E-ISSN 1879-2375, Vol. 49, p. 195-205Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous studies have identified implementation problems connected to sustainable mobility. These difficulties raise the question of which strategies can be successfully pursued to break path dependencies in urban policy making. This article is focused on corporate mobility management as one specific example of sustainable mobility initiatives, and analyses the formation and implementation of a travel policy for employees at the city administration of Örebro, Sweden. The analysis reveals how controversies can evolve into major implementation barriers for sustainable mobility initiatives. The analysis centres on the playing out of power relations between politicians and groups of officers in the development of interventions to break path dependencies. The strategy pursued in Örebro turned out to be very challenging within the municipality, since it required significant transformation of the officials’ personal travel behaviour, and so led to open conflicts within the city administration. The case demonstrates that radical and confrontational attempts to break path dependencies may result in the same watering down as less controversial, more consensual strategies. When handling controversial sustainable mobility measures there may be more benefit in deliberative strategies of raising awareness, creating new consciousness or institutionalising desired discursive shifts.

  • 19.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Richardson, Tim
    Aalborg University, Department of Development and Planning.
    IKEA and small city development in Sweden: Planning myths, realities and unsustainable mobilities2012In: International Planning Studies, ISSN 1356-3475, E-ISSN 1469-9265, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 125-145Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article analyses how urban authorities manage goals of sustainable development in decentralized planning contexts when faced with economic growth opportunities offered by a powerful development actor. This challenge is described and analysed in a comparative case study of how two Swedish cities handled the issue of new IKEA stores in decision-making and planning. The analysis centres on how power relations affected planning and decision-making, and is complemented by an evaluation of the choices and actions of the two municipalities in sustainable mobility terms, and an indication of the potential environmental consequences of the decisions.

    The results show how the two municipalities locked their cities into car-dependent development paths by accepting IKEA's retail concept, due to perceived fierce competition for retail trade between neighbouring cities, and a belief that IKEA development would boost economic growth. The municipalities conducted considerable parts of the planning processes under secrecy, which constrained criticism of the IKEA developments, and left environmental and traffic impacts not fully assessed or debated. The cases show how, while attempting to put in place strategies for sustainable urban development, the municipalities handled difficult choices in ways which compromised their own and wider environmental goals for economic gains.

  • 20.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Mattias, Hjerpe
    Linköpings universitet.
    Storbjörk, Sofie
    Linköpings universitet.
    Creating Transformative Force?: The Role of Spatial Planning in Climate Change Transitions Towards Sustainable Transportation2015In: Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, ISSN 1523-908X, E-ISSN 1522-7200, Vol. 17, no 5, p. 617-635Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Informed by the concept of strategy-making, this paper analyses the ability of spatial planning to support local climate change transitions towards sustainable transportation in two case studies of planning in Swedish municipalities with comparatively high climate ambitions. The analysis shows that the expectations on planning to effect change need to be moderated. Not even in these climate-ambitious municipalities did transportation planning result in strategic reorientation. While climate change was clearly filtered into local strategy-making, no new climate frame was established. Rather in goals it was linked to an overall attractive city storyline. Transportation planners have sought to mobilize force through developing new tools and routines to strengthen the role of climate change. In detailed planning, however, when plans become legally binding, agency in relation to climate change was limited by allowing private actors a pivotal position. Also, tools were used selectively and when settling priorities, climate change was subordinate to economic growth interests. While the planning observed can be regarded as weak, its ability to support climate transition would have been even weaker had it not been linked to the attractive city storyline. Consequently, to facilitate climate transition mobilizing force needs to be generated within the current local implementation structure.

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  • 21.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Monios, Jason
    Edinburgh Napier University.
    Rye, Tom
    Edinburgh Napier University.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Scholten, Christina
    Malmö högskola.
    The interplay of formal and informal institutions between local and regional authorities when creating well-functioning public transport systems2017In: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, ISSN 1556-8318, E-ISSN 1556-8334, Vol. 11, no 8, p. 611-622Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper analyzes how public transport planning is managed in institutional contexts where governance is spread across local and regional scales. The paper sheds light on two facets of the relationship between local and regional government: first, the decision-making process regarding where to provide public transport services and at what level, and second, integration of public transport with land use planning. An analytical matrix is used to cross-reference the roles of formal institutions (governance established in law) and informal institutions (governance not established in law) against local and regional responsibilities for public transport and land use.

    Analysis of the interplay between these three axes (formal/informal, local/regional, public transport/land use) reveals how informal institutions help regional and local authorities to negotiate the constraints of formal, statutory institutions and help to “oil the wheels” of delivering measures and policies that make public transport work as a well-functioning system. However, informal institutions clearly have their limits, in the paper exemplified by the remaining challenges to integrate regional public transport and local land use planning. An identified challenge is that, by their very nature, informal institutions are difficult to influence or modify, therefore relying on them to fill gaps in formal institutional responsibilities may be a risky strategy when unpopular decisions are made.

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  • 22.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Nyberg, Jonna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Samordning av trafik- och bebyggelseplanering: förutsättningar för hållbar mobilitet2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The way buildings are positioned relative to the design of traffic systems influences the public?s travel patterns and their choice of transport mode. It is therefore important that building layout and traffic are coordinated in order to create sustainable mobility. Sustainable mobility is an umbrella term for measures that reduce the number and length of car journeys and the need to travel at all. The aim of this study is to shed light on the conditions under which local authorities coordinate building development and traffic issues with respect to sustainable mobility. This investigation is based upon a pair of case studies, and examines the handling of building and traffic issues during the planning of two residential areas, one in Lund and one in Trelleborg. The results show that where coordination has worked, three factors have combined to create what may be termed a strategic decision-making and planning process. The three factors can be summarized as (i) long-term visions for the town?s development, (ii) long- and short-term actions, and (iii) public support for the long-term vision. It is important that coordination is made a tool for the implementation of the long-term vision. Politicians and officials must be in agreement if real influence is to be brought to bear on long- and short-term actions. Swedish local authorities should therefore develop mechanisms to enhance mutual understanding between politicians and officials on the basic principles of sustainable mobility. Public support of long-term visions and goals is also important. Without public support it becomes hard to make the occasionally difficult political decisions that affect the public?s travel behaviour.

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  • 23.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Pettersson, Fredrik
    Lunds universitet.
    Westerdahl, Stig
    Malmö högskola.
    Dömd till samverkan! : En kunskapsöversikt 2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Skapandet av en effektiv kollektivtrafik kräver i ökande grad samverkan mellan formellt självständiga organisationer. I denna kunskapsöversikt diskuteras samverkan mellan offentliga och privata organisationer samt resenärer. Syftet är att öka den begreppsmässiga förståelsen av samverkan på kollektivtrafikområdet. Den gör det genom att definiera samverkan, och diskutera vilka kvaliteter som möjliggör väl fungerande samverkan. Kunskapsöversikten börjar med att beskriva tidigare kollektivtrafikforskning om samverkan. Därefter beskrivs vilka slutsatser som finns om samverkan i andra för kollektivtrafiken analytiskt intressanta forskningsfält. En slutsats är att samverkan kan definieras som försök att överkomma problem med kollektivt handlade, och försök att förändra en situation där ömsesidigt beroende aktörer agerar självständigt, till en situation där de agerar samfällt för att uppnå gemensamma mål. Samverkan ska enligt denna definition förstås som en mer sofistikerad form av kollektivt handlande än vad som menas med begrepp som samordning eller koordination. Väl fungerande samverkan kan beskrivas som en form av ”samhandling”. Motsatsen kan beskrivas vara ”förhandling”. I samhandling utforskar formellt självständiga organisationer gemensamma nyttor, och uppnår mer än om de hade agerat självständigt. Samhandling kan ses som ett stegvist tillitsbygge som förutsätter kvaliteter som ett ömsesidigt förtroende, förståelse av andra organisationers drivkrafter, gemensam problemformulering. Den måste även vara tydligt handlingsinriktad.

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  • 24.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. K2 (Nationellt kunskapscenter för kollektivtrafik).
    Pettersson, Fredrik
    Lunds universitet.
    Westerdahl, Stig
    Malmö högskola.
    The qualities needed for a successful collaboration: A contribution to the conceptual understanding of collaboration for efficient public transport2016In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 8, no 6, article id 542Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The creation of an efficient public transport system requires collaborations between formal independent organizations. This paper examines collaborations between public and private organizations and passengers, with the aim of contributing to the conceptual understanding of collaborations on public transport. The study begins by describing previous research on collaboration in the public transport area and in other research fields analytically relevant for public transport. Accordingly, collaboration is defined as an attempt to overcome problems with collective action and to transform a situation in which the various organizations operate independently into a situation where they act in concert to achieve shared objectives. The collaboration process involves the establishment of joint rules and structures that govern the relationship and behavior of the organizations. According to this definition, collaboration is a more sophisticated form of collective action than is indicated by terms such as “co-operation” or “coordination”. Fully-functioning collaboration can be described as a form of “co-action”, as opposed to “individual action”. In co-action, formal independent organizations together reap the benefits of working together and achieve more than if they had acted alone. Co-action can be regarded as a gradual trust-building process that requires qualities such as mutual confidence, an understanding of other organizations’ motivations, and joint problem formulation.

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  • 25.
    Hrelja, Robert
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Rye, Tom
    Edinburgh Napier University .
    Partnerships between operators and public transport authorities.: Working practices in relational contracting and collaborative partnerships2018In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, ISSN 0965-8564, E-ISSN 1879-2375, Vol. 116, p. 327-338Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent research on public transport has seen increasing focus on issues like coordination, collaboration and steering in complex governance settings. One of the themes in this field of research is related to partnership approaches, as one way of stimulating functioning collaboration between formally independent private and public organisations. The aim of this paper is to explore the role and function of partnerships as a way of supporting well-functioning public transport networks and services in fragmented institutional settings. The empirical focus is on partnerships between operators and public (transport) authorities in two different legal settings: England and Sweden. The analysis is based on interviews with operators and public transport authorities in two metropolitan regions in each country where innovative partnership working has been developed to deal with various types of barriers to delivering better public transport. The results show the key qualities of these partnerships that are required for them to function. Although the regulatory contexts are very different, the partnership qualities are very similar in both cases.

  • 26.
    Lissandrello, Enza
    et al.
    Aalborg universitet.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Tennøy, Aud
    TÖI.
    Richardson, Tim
    Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
    Three performativities of innovation in public transport planning2016In: International Planning Studies, ISSN 1356-3475, E-ISSN 1469-9265, Vol. 22, no 2, p. 99-113Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The article scrutinizes planners’ stories of innovation in contemporary public transport planning in three Scandinavian contexts (Denmark, Sweden and Norway). This analysis is accomplished by adapting Judith Butler’s post-structural feminist critical theory on performativity to the planning context. This theoretical framework is used to illuminate how planning is dynamically renewed, revised and consolidated over time by the individual routine actions of planners. From this perspective, the research identifies a set of repetitive acts – as recognizing specific windows of opportunity, anticipate and respond to political signals and create arguments and means of communication and persuasion – that constitute the contemporary transformation of professional practice in relation to planning politics. This analytics of performativity reveals how professional planning practices engage with transformative capacities of reshaping, re-enacting and re-experiencing guidance for the future within a set of meanings and forms of legitimation. These findings are intended to contribute to present and future planning practice and education in Scandinavian countries and elsewhere.

  • 27.
    Paulsson, Alexander
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hylander, Jens
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    What Culture does to Regional Governance: Collaboration and Negotiation in Public Transport Planning in Two Swedish Regions2016In: Transportation Research Procedia, E-ISSN 2352-1465, Vol. 19, p. 147-150Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the context of public transportation, just as in many parts of society, the level of organizational complexity has increased over the last twenty years. Due to structural reforms and policy adjustments, responsibilities for the public transportation system in Sweden have become increasingly divided between a variety of public and private actors, thus fragmenting the organizational landscape. This development has led to an increased awareness of the need  to coordinate efforts in the public transport system. Not only does this involve coordination between private and public actors, it also involves coordination between public actors located at different vertical and horizontal scales in the government  structure. The literature on governance has developed as a means to theorize these shifts and changes. In particular, governance theories analyze changing  relations between public and private actors in providing common means and ends of societal development.

  • 28.
    Paulsson, Alexander
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hedegaard Sørensen, Claus
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Rye, Tom
    Edinburgh Napier University.
    Scholten, Christina
    Malmö Universitet.
    Collaboration in public transport planning: Why, how and what?2018In: Research in Transportation Economics, ISSN 0739-8859, E-ISSN 1875-7979Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper is about collaboration in public transport governance. Drawing upon the emerging literature that views collaboration through the lens of networks, we explore why and how regional public transport authorities collaborate with both municipalities and public transport operators in the planning of public transport. We also explore the advantages and disadvantages of such collaborations. Based on interviews with civil servants (government officers) in the Swedish metropolitan regions of Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Scania, we conclude that collaboration is, firstly, a way for the regional public transport authorities (RPTA) to engage with the local municipalities and develop joint agreements on public transport priorities. It is also a way to build a common identity with the public transport operators, who operate services under tendered contracts. Secondly, we find that collaboration takes place during official meetings, as well as in informal conversations and face-to-face dialogues. Thirdly, the potential advantages and disadvantages of collaboration hinge on the ability of coordinating actors to put in place processes where the feasibility of plans can be established, and where a sense of common identity can be constructed.

  • 29.
    Paulsson, Alexander
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Portinson Hylander, Jens
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    One for all, or all for oneself?: Governance cultures in regional public transport planning2017In: European Planning Studies, ISSN 0965-4313, E-ISSN 1469-5944, Vol. 25, no 12, p. 2293-2308Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Due to the fragmented organizational landscape characterizing public transport, it is important to study and explore how regional governance of public transport adapts to national institutional reforms. By employing the term ‘governance cultures’ to a comparative case study of regional public transport planning in Sweden, we contribute to theories of governance by cultural sensitization. Combining governance theory with cultural analysis, we apply a cultural perspective to understand the two cases. We conclude that public transport planning in the Stockholm region is defined by ‘negotiations’ between stakeholders, whereas in the Västra Götaland region it is characterized by a governance culture of ‘collaboration’. The evidence from our case studies emphasizes the importance of understanding local governance practices as situated in cultural contexts as well as of viewing governance cultures as an important factor affecting the purpose, degree and outcomes of collaboration in planning practices.

  • 30.
    Pettersson, Fredrik
    Lunds universitet.
    How to create functioning collaboration in theory and in practice.: Practical experiences of collaboration when planning public transport systems2020In: International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, ISSN 1556-8318, E-ISSN 1556-8334, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 1-13Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The creation of an efficient public transport system increasingly requires collaboration between independent organizations. Institutional reforms in Europe have created governance situations where collaboration between organizations is a critical issue, and examples include the integration of transport and land-use planning and the planning of large public transport projects. The organizational context of public transport, with several formal, discrete organizations that need to collaborate, raises questions about how functioning collaborations can be accomplished. This paper examines how to create functioning collaboration between organizations in the public transport sector. We depart from a theory of collaboration as a stepwise trust-building process, and we present results from a comparative case study of collaboration in two Swedish public transport projects. The results show some of the prerequisites that must be in place in order for the collaboration to work, but also the boundaries of what collaborative approaches can bring about. Conditions such as honest, open, and inclusive dialog between stakeholders and resources in the form of finance, knowledge, mandate, and leadership are important. While there is no guarantee that this will lead to differences in interests being resolved, the results indicate that it improves the chances of finding compromises that all of the involved stakeholders can accept, especially if favorable conditions for collaboration are established at an early stage of the planning process. Building on these findings, we suggest some practical recommendations for improving collaboration in future public transport projects. These practical recommendations are aimed at improving the handling of unavoidable conflicts in collaboration in a constructive way.

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  • 31.
    Rye, Tom
    et al.
    Edinburgh Napier University.
    Monios, Jason
    Kedge Business School.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    The relationship between formal and informal institutions for governance of public transport2018In: Journal of Transport Geography, ISSN 0966-6923, E-ISSN 1873-1236, Vol. 69, p. 196-206Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to understand the relationship between the formal (governance established in law) and informal institutions (governance not established in law) that underpin the planning, operation and improvement of local and regional public transport, by using case studies of four countries: Britain (more specifically England, outside London); the Netherlands; Germany; and Sweden. The paper uses a framework drawn from the literature on institutional change to analyse the interplay between the formal governance structures and the other actors and organisations that have an influence on public transport, the formal and informal relationships between them, and how informal institutions emerge to increase the effectiveness with which public transport is delivered. By selecting countries with some similarities in institutional structure, it is possible to explore how relationships can differ even within a relatively similar overall framework for public transport. Drawing on qualitative research with actors in the different countries, the research explores how informal institutions help actors negotiate the constraints of formal, statutory institutions. Findings reveal that informal institutions smooth the critical interfaces where formal institutions were producing sub-optimal public transport, thus providing evidence that the two modes of governance are, in fact, highly complementary.

  • 32.
    Storbjörk, Sofie
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet.
    Hjerpe, Mattias
    Linköpings universitet.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    Linköpings universitet.
    Antonson, Hans
    Lunds universitet.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Klimatomställningens knäckfrågor2017In: Att äga framtiden: perspektiv på kommunal utveckling / [ed] Josefina Syssner, Sören Häggroth, Ulf Ramberg, Linköping: Linköpings universitet , 2017, p. 213-220Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 33.
    Svensson, Tomas
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Summerton, Jane
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Beslut om hastighetsgränser: prioriteringar, avvägningar och aktörer i regionala beslutsprocesser2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report concerns the results of phase two of the research project "Speed issues on a regional level". Phase 2 describes and analyzes the concrete decision-making concerning the setting of speed limits. The study is based primarily on interviews with official representatives from the relevant authorities and private individuals as well as examination of documentation of a number of cases of contested speed limits as indicated by applications to the County Board. The study is primarily limited to the County of Östergötland but also concerns relevant relations within the broader Swedish Road Administration (SRA) region consisting of five counties, as well as relations with the national level. The results show that all participating agencies give a stronger priority to car traffic mobility than to the private citizens' perceived safety and security in cases where residents contest speed limits on specific stretches of road. It is clear from the study that SRA has dominant direct control over decisions about speed limits despite the fact that it is the County Board that takes the formal decisions on local traffic regulations. The two goals or priorities that are balanced against each other in actual decisions about changing speed limits are mobility and road safety. The interviewed individuals typically view the County Administrative Board's rejection of their applications for lowering speed limits as incomprehensible. They do not accept that their perceived security risk is not accounted for and that road mobility is prioritised by the officials. Based on the findings of the study, various issues for further research are discussed, issues that also provide input in discussions about how to develop and improve current decision making models in the context of changing speed limits. This study suggests that there is a need to develop the decision making model and the decision-making system that guides decisions on changes in speed limits. Speed limits are not currently assessed on the basis of an overall transport policy target perspective. The interview responses show that many of the officials involved, and even private citizens who have applied for reduced speed limits, call for a broader "safety and security review" process that involves more policy measures than speed limits.

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  • 34.
    Svensson, Tomas
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Summerton, Jane
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Hrelja, Robert
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    The Politics of Speed: Local and regional actors' views on speed limits, traffic safety and mobility in Sweden2014In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 43-50Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In most European countries, the often difficult policy process of setting and implementing speed limits on specific roads is delegated to public administration on local and regional levels. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the perspectives and priorities of regional actors, specifically planners and elected officials within public administration, concerning their everyday work in setting speed limits within a Swedish county. The analysis indicates significant conflicts among actors with regard to the priorities, politics and goals that should guide the setting of speed limits on regional and local roads. Some groups of actors support a mobility perspective that gives priority to relatively high speed limits in the interests of accessibility and mobility. This perspective is, however, in sharp contrast to the views of other actors, who share a commitment to improve traffic safety through lower speed limits, thereby adopting what can be called a traffic safety perspective. The paper concludes with a discussion of the politics and power relations among actors and their implications for our understanding of decision-making on the issue of speed limits.

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