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  • 1.
    Johansen, Trond Cato
    et al.
    Ramböll.
    Fors, Carina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Kjellman, Erik
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Nordic certification of road marking materials in Denmark 2015–20172018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A Nordic certification system for road marking materials was introduced in 2015. In the first stage, the certification system applies to the countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In these countries, a documented product approval will be required in order to use a road marking material on roads managed by the national road authorities. Product approval will be based on monitored and documented performance measurements of material samples applied on test fields on public roads.

    The first round of material tests in Denmark started in autumn 2015. In all, 32 materials, out of which 24 were for certification and 8 for manufacturer’s internal test, were applied at the Danish test site in Hornbæk. In 2016, a new test site was established close to Gørlev, where another 22 materials were applied, 20 for certification and 2 for manufacturer’s internal test.

    The present report documents the follow-up performance measurements that were carried out in 2017, i.e. one year follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2016 and two years follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2015. The performance parameters include the coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL) under dry and wet conditions, the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination (Qd), the friction, and the chromaticity in daylight.

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  • 2.
    Johansen, Trond Cato
    et al.
    Ramböll.
    Fors, Carina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Kjellman, Erik
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Nordic certification of road marking materials in Norway and Sweden 2015–20172018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A Nordic certification system for road marking materials was introduced in 2015. In the first stage, the certification system applies to the countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In these countries, a documented product approval will be required in order to use a road marking material on roads managed by the national road authorities. Product approval will be based on monitored and documented performance measurements of material samples applied on test fields on public roads.

    The first round of material tests in Sweden started in May 2015. In all, 81 materials, out of which 78 were for certification and 3 for manufacturer’s internal test, were applied at the Swedish test site north of Sunne, in the west of Sweden. In 2016, another 72 materials were applied for certification at the Swedish test site.

    The present report documents the follow-up performance measurements that were carried out in 2017, i.e. one-year follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2016 and two years follow-up measurements for materials applied in 2015. The performance parameters include the coefficient of retroreflected luminance (RL) under dry and wet conditions, the luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination (Qd), the friction, the chromaticity in daylight, and the chromaticity of retroreflected light (yellow materials, only).

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    fulltext
  • 3.
    Kjellman, Erik
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Fors, Carina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Lundkvist, Sven-Olof
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Analys av livscykelkostnader för vägmärken med fokus på reflexmaterial2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    It is unknown if the road signs with retroreflective sheeting on Swedish roads meet the current requirements for a performance where good reading and discoverability are the targets. No inventory of road signs on state roads is done and no registry for mounted road signs, date of mounting and quality of signs are available.

    This project aims at analyzing life cycle costs for road signs on state roads through inventory of existing road signs on the state road network. Lifetime is determined by several parameters, but primarily by retroreflection requirements according to the Swedish Transport Administration's document Standard Description for Basic Road Maintenance (SBV) and colour requirements according to SS-EN 12899-1.

    The lifetime was determined by observing approximately 300 road signs in the field. The road signs were randomly selected from the Swedish Transport Administration's regions West and Mid. Information about these road signs, such as year of manufacture, how much light they reflect, what colour coordinates they have and what compass direction they were mounted in were registered. Road signs with five different bottom colours were invented; white (road to local destination in urban area), blue (public road), red (stop), green (road to or on motorway) and yellow (private roads). The signs belong to three different classes; RA1, RA2 and RA3B. The classes differ in terms of the amount of light reflected, where the RA3B reflects most. The costs of road signs, posts and foundations were collected through telephone interviews with five different contractors.

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  • 4.
    Kjellman, Erik
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Fors, Carina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, The Human in the Transport system..
    Lundkvist, Sven-Olof
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Nielsen, Berne
    Ramboll.
    Johansen, Trond Cato
    Ramboll.
    Nilsson, Christian
    Ramboll.
    ROMA - State assessment of road markings in Denmark, Nor-way and Sweden: Results from 20182019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Assessments of the performance of road markings is carried out regularly to various degrees in the Nordic countries. The main aim of the Nordic road marking assessment study is to show possible differences in road marking performance between Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Possible differences between road marking performance, dependent on region, country, type of road and AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic) are studied. Furthermore, a comparison between the TEN-T and the non-TEN-T road network is made. As 2018 is the second year of the project, a comparison between the results for 2017 and 2018 is also made. A Nordic certification system for road marking materials has recently been introduced in Norway and Denmark and will be introduced in Sweden 2019. This means that a documented product approval (i.e. certification) will be required for use of the material on roads managed by the national road authorities. The requirements are introduced successively as the existing contracts expire. Therefore, one aim is also to study the road marking quality before and under the introduction of the new certification requirements. Continuous assessments give the opportunity to react and adjust the requirements in the future, if the performance does not develop as expected. The study is based on physical mobile road assessment measurements carried out in Denmark, Norway and Sweden by Ramböll. In total 71 road objects were measured in Denmark, 124 in Norway and 434 in Sweden. The following variables were studied: retroreflectivity of dry and wet road markings, relative visibility of dry and wet road markings, relative pre-view-time (pvt) of dry and wet road markings and cover index. 

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    fulltext
  • 5.
    Vadeby, Anna
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Kjellman, Erik
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Fors, Carina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Lundkvist, Sven-Olof
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Nielsen, Berne
    Ramböll.
    Johansen, Trond Cato
    Ramböll.
    Nilsson, Christian
    Ramböll.
    ROMA: State assessment of road markings in Denmark, Norway and Sweden - Results from 20172018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Assessment of the performance of road markings are carried out regularly to various degrees in the Nordic countries. During the coming years, the Nordic certification system for road marking materials will come into force, which means that a documented product approval (i.e. certification) will be required for use of the material on roads managed by the national road authorities. The requirements are introduced successively as the existing contracts expire. The aim of this project is to monitor and follow up how road marking quality is influenced by the introduction of the certification system in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. If the performance does not develop as expected, continuous assessments give the opportunity to react and adjust the requirements in the future. Furthermore, the aim is to show possible differences in road marking performance between the three countries, similar regions in the three countries and TEN-T-roads.

    The study is based on mobile road assessment measurements carried out in Denmark, Norway and Sweden by Ramböll AB. In total 71 road objects were measured in Denmark, 101 in Norway and 436 in Sweden. The following variables were studied: retroreflectivity of dry and wet road markings, relative visibility of dry and wet road markings, relative pre-view-time (pvt) of dry and wet road markings and cover index.

    In conclusion, there is no large difference in road marking performance in the three countries. The only significant difference is the poor visibility of edge lines on two-lane roads in Sweden and the good performance of wet road markings in Norway.

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  • 6.
    Vadeby, Anna
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Kjellman, Erik
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Fors, Carina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Human Factors in the Transport System.
    Lundkvist, Sven-Olof
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Nielsen, Berne
    Ramböll.
    Johansen, Trond Cato
    Ramböll.
    Nilsson, Christian
    Ramböll.
    ROMA: State assessment of road markings in Denmark, Norway and Sweden 2017–20212019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Assessments of the performance of road markings is carried out regularly to various degrees in the Nordic countries. The main aim of the Nordic road marking assessment study is to show possible differences in road marking performance between Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Possible differences between road marking performance, dependent on region, country, type of road and AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic) are studied. Furthermore, a comparison between the TEN-T and the non-TEN-T road network is made. As 2018 is the second year of the project, a comparison between the results for 2017 and 2018 is also made.

    A Nordic certification system for road marking materials has recently been introduced in Norway and Denmark and will be introduced in Sweden 2019. This means that a documented product approval (i.e. certification) will be required for use of the material on roads managed by the national road authorities. The requirements are introduced successively as the existing contracts expire. Therefore, one aim is also to study the road marking quality before and under the introduction of the new certification requirements. Continuous assessments give the opportunity to react and adjust the requirements in the future, if the performance does not develop as expected.

    The study is based on physical mobile road assessment measurements carried out in Denmark, Norway and Sweden by Ramböll. In total 71 road objects were measured in Denmark, 124 in Norway and 434 in Sweden. The following variables were studied: retroreflectivity of dry and wet road markings, relative visibility of dry and wet road markings, relative pre-view-time (pvt) of dry and wet road markings and cover index.

    The results show that the retroreflectivity requirement of dry road markings (150 mcd/m2/lx) is roughly fulfilled in 50 % of the measured objects. Road markings in Denmark have lower retroreflectivity than those in Norway and Sweden. Some retroreflectivity values are low, e.g. motorway edge lines in Denmark. However, this is compensated for by a large area, which nevertheless means good visibility. Contrary: edge lines on Swedish two-lane roads have high retroreflectivity, which would imply good visibility. However, the road marking area is small, thus reducing the visibility in comparison with both Danish and Norwegian edge lines.

    Regarding wet road markings, road markings in Norway have higher retroreflectivity than Denmark and Sweden for every road class. This can probably be explained by the fact that Norway often has inlaid road markings, a solution seldom used in Denmark and Sweden. When analysing the results for wet road markings it should be noted that significant deviations be-tween the results from the mobile measurements and the hand-held measurements were shown during the annual validation of mobile instruments in 2017 and 2018 and therefore, the results for wet road markings should be interpreted with care.

    A comparison between the retroreflectivity on the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) and other roads showed that there were only minor differences between the TEN-T and other roads in Denmark, while in Norway and Sweden there are somewhat higher levels for the TEN-T network. The results for relative visibility show larger differences between TEN-T and non-TEN-T and in all three countries, the relative visibility is higher for the TEN-T road network. However, studying the rela-tive pre-view-time shows that in all countries, this measure is lower on the TEN-T roads, due to higher speed limits on the TEN-T road network. For Norway and Sweden, the differences in pvt between TEN-T and other roads are rather small, while for Denmark the difference is significant, and the relative pre-view time is about 0.6 s shorter on the TEN-T roads than on other roads.

    There is no significant difference in cover index between the countries, but between road classes the difference is significant. Lane and centre lines seem to have a higher cover index than edge lines. This is difficult to explain, but the reason might be that lane and centre lines are reconditioned almost every year, due to many wheel roll overs. If so, measurements were car-ried out on almost new lane and centre lines, while the edge lines might have been applied in earlier years. Another explanation might be that the edge lines are profiled to a higher extent than the lane and centre lines.

    In the second year of the project, it is not possible to study any effect of the Nordic certification system for road markings. However, in the coming years, some effects might be possible to register.

    In conclusion, there is no large difference in road marking performance between the three countries and comparing the re-sults between 2017 and 2018 shows no major differences on country level. For both 2017 and 2018 the main conclusion is the poor visibility of edge lines on two-lane roads in Sweden and the good performance of wet road markings in Norway.

1 - 6 of 6
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  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
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  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
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  • Other locale
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