I regeringsuppdraget (I2021/ 02412) framgår att VTI, i samarbete med Trafikverket och Transportstyrelsen, ska utreda förutsättningarna för undantagshantering från de medicinska föreskrifterna med avseende på synfältsbortfall (B-körkort). Vidare ska tre aspekter beaktas: hur andra länder gör, konsekvenser för den enskilde samt samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser. Slutrapporten påvisar att Sverige med gällande rättsligt ramverk inte kan genomföra de förslag som slutrapporten föreslår. Det innebär att det kommer att krävas juridiska förändringar. Givet att dessa förändringar genomförs och att ett nytt förfaringssätt nyttjas visar slutrapporten på att a) positiva effekter för den enskilde individen uppstår, b) samhällsekonomiska vinster uppstår och c) en rättssäker och rättvis prövning är möjlig. 

Slutrapporten redovisar dessutom hur ett urval av andra länder har hanterat handläggningen av individer med synfältsbortfall givet samma EU-direktiv som Sverige regleras av. Det framgår också av undersökningen att samtliga länder, som en förutsättning för undantag från de föreskrivna kraven avseende synfält, tillämpar krav eller rekommendationer om att ett praktiskt körprov ska utgöra del i underlaget för bedömning av körförmågan. 

Kunskapsläget med avseende på körförmågebedömningar för individer med synfältsbortfall redovisas och där framgår med tydlighet att perimetrin som Sverige utnyttjar som underlag för återkallelse av körkort inte kan predicera individers körförmåga. Perimetrin är dock viktig eftersom individer med synfältsbortfall som grupp kan vara olämpliga förare. Slutsatsen som forskningslitteraturen enstämmigt lyfter är att det behövs förarprov (på väg eller i en simulator) för att kunna genomföra en valid bedömning. 

Slutligen innehåller slutrapporten vilka problem (aktiviteter) som kvarstår för att skapa en lämplig och kvalitetssäkrad process. Dessutom presenteras den kronologiska ordning på aktiviteter som behöver genomföras. Kronologin krävs eftersom resultatet av lämplig metod och aktör påverkar det vidare arbetet med avseende på utformning av körprov och rättsligt ramverk. 

Slutrapportens slutsats är att Sverige har möjligheten att genomföra en förändring med avsevärda nyttor. Detta eftersom de valda aktörerna och de valda metoderna existerar idag och därför endast behöver utvecklas i viss mån för att säkerställa att individer med synfältsbortfall erbjuds en kvalitetssäkrad, rättssäker och rättvis process som dessutom bedöms vara samhällsekonomiskt lönsam.

In collaboration with Hövding, data has been collected to highlight how different aspects can explain events where the helmet is deployed. The helmet records accelerations, and when a helmet is deployed, this information is sent to Hövding. They then invited the cyclist to participate in a web- survey and an interview. Thus, to increase our understanding of why bicycle accidents occur, data have been collected from the helmets, from a web-survey and from interviews. A total of 196 participants completed the web-survey while 50 participants were interviewed. In addition, data from the helmets were collected from 355 cyclists, of which 264 have had the helmet deployed.

One main result is that it is on an ordinary day, during an ordinary journey to or from work, by experienced cyclists that are highly educated. Cyclist were aware of traffic rules and what is happening around them – when "it suddenly happens" and it is not until then the cyclists realize how vulnerable they are. The study shows how a complex pattern emerge from the data sources used to understand why a bicycle accident actually occurs. For example, slippery conditions increase the risk of an event, and if "slippery" is combined with darkness the risk increases even further. The data from the helmets could confirm the results from the web-survey and the interviews, but also demonstrate that the helmet, on journeys which ended with the helmet being deployed, had higher levels of activation compared to journeys where it was not deployed. Furthermore, on trips made after the deployment, the helmet also had lower levels of activation which can be understood as the cyclists adapting their behaviour by, for example, cycling more carefully (but not slower). Finally, the results show differences between conventional and electric bicycles in terms of involvement in events where Hövding was deployed.

Background: Sundbyberg municipality (part of greater Stockholm) has reconstructed a traditional two-lane road, with an allowed speed limit of 30 km/h, into a road with one car lane and two bicycle lanes, one on either side of the car lane (a “two minus one road”). The aim was to increase traffic safety and accessibility, especially for bicyclists and pedestrians

Method: The design used was a before- an after-study including both subjective and objective measures. To collect subjective data a survey measuring quality of life was used by asking residents and travellers how they experienced the road and their neighbourhood. The collection of objective data was done with the help of video cameras recording traffic conflicts, vehicle speed and position on the road

Results: The reconstruction of the road had positive effects on quality of life in general, specifically safety, security, and accessibility for bicyclists and pedestrians. Something which was achieved without reducing car drivers’ experience of accessibility. Subsequent analyses were conducted to increase the understanding of different ‘sub-groups’. Specifically, analyses assessed: if responses could be linked to modal choice; whether the reconstruction of the road resulted in a modal shift; and whether it was any differences between respondents who had or had not a child attending any of the local schools. Overall, the responses from the ‘sub-groups’ were not significantly different from each other (except for respondents with children). The video analyses on traffic safety showed no differences in conflicts before and after the reconstruction. The only negative result was that car drivers’ speed increased by 3 km/h

Conclusion: The reconstruction of roads with a traffic intensity, equivalent to the selected road is suitable for a two minus one road. Traffic safety, security, and accessibility will increase, but not at the expense of car drivers’ accessibility.

Sundbyberg municipality has carried out a reconstruction of one section of Ursviksvägen. A traditional two-lane road with an allowed speed limit of 30 kph was converted into a road with one lane for cars and two for bikes, one lane on either side of the car lane. Before and after reconstruction, residents and passing individuals by all modes of transport were asked about their experiences of Ursviksvägen from a safety and accessibility perspective. Safety, security, and accessibility has been shown to be related to quality of life. In addition, cameras were set up at the same time as the collection of individuals' experiences took place. The results of the survey were very clear. The reconstruction of the section on Ursviksvägen resulted in very positive effects. Safety, security, and accessibility had improved, especially for cyclists and pedestrians. Bus travelers also experienced a positive effect of the reconstruction, but not as strong. These results were obtained without reducing car drivers’ experience of accessibility.

A series of analyses were conducted after this main result with the purpose of increasing the understanding of the variation in the responses given. In particular the answers to the questions in the survey was investigated in three ways. Were the answers influenced by the mode of transport respondent used whilst travelling along Ursviksvägen? Had the reconstruction of the road an impact on modal choice? And finally, was the experience of respondents who have children in the schools located along Ursviksvägen different from the respondents who did not have children in the same schools?

The results showed that both pedestrians and cyclists’ perceived safety and accessibility had improved. Something which was achieved without reducing car drivers’ accessibility. The reconstruction had not resulted in an increase in people cycling nor reducing the number of cars along this specific road. Finally, regardless of having a child in any of the schools or not respondents became significantly more satisfied with all aspects of the traffic environment after the reconstruction.

Background

In collaboration with a bicycle airbag helmet company, data were collected to help explain events where head protections are deployed. The head protection records activations continuously, and when a head protection is deployed, this information is sent to the company. The company invited affected cyclists to (i) participate in a web survey, and (ii) share their data with researchers. The first aim of the study was to investigate the proportions between different severities of crashes, i.e., how many crashes with serious injuries occur for every crash with minor injuries, while the second aim was to predict when bicycle crashes will occur.

Method

A total of 196 cyclists completed the web survey. Participants were 20–76 years old (mean age 46 years) and consisted of 125 women and 55 men. The cyclists were highly educated, and 73 percent had completed a university or college education. In addition, head protection data were collected from 355 other cyclists, of which 264 had their helmet deployed.

Results

One of the 182 (included events) cyclists ended up in hospital care. The data collected indicated the proportions of cyclists who needed hospital care (1 = severe injuries), cyclists with injuries (15), slight injures (85) and cyclists who could continue as before (81 = no injuries). The head protection data confirmed the web survey findings, but also demonstrated that the head protection, on journeys that ended with head protection deployment, had a higher degree of activations before the event) compared to journeys where it was not deployed. Furthermore, on trips made after deployment, the head protection had lower levels of activations, which can be understood as the cyclists adapting their behavior by, for example, riding more carefully (but not slower).

Conclusion

This study highlights the proportions of events leading to minor injuries versus hospitalization. Activation measures (head protection conditions) can predict when events will occur, and cyclists will adjust their behavior accordingly following events.

A land use policy shift is taking place in a growing number of cities regarding parking, whereby a conventional supply management approach is being replaced with a parking management approach. As part of this policy shift, many cities are lowering their parking requirements.

This study analysed changes in car use, car ownership, spatial parking patterns and the consequences for the everyday life of residents in a housing area with a relatively restrictive parking requirement in Gothenburg, the second largest city in Sweden. The housing area, a concrete example of how lowering parking requirements can be used to achieve targets on reduced car use and sustainable urban development, is used to discuss how parking policy should be applied to achieve the desired effect.

The results show that the consequences of the restrictive requirement was paradoxically small in the study area. In practice, the requirement did not result in a decrease in the number of parking spaces, because e.g. of access to parking in neighbouring residential areas. This shows how important it is to adopt a holistic approach in parking policy, by e.g.introducing more restrictive parking requirements in parallel with other measures, such as raising parking charges and decreasing the number of public parking spaces. It also shows that planning of parking must be coordinated with other urban planning functions. Otherwise, the actual contribution of a shift in parking policy to the development of a more environmentally friendly transport system and city risks being small, despite lower parking requirements

The SARTRE (Social Attitudes to Road Traffic Risk in Europe) project started in 1991. It consists of a European wide survey about knowledge of road traffic laws and road traffic risks, attitudes regarding road safety issues, reported road traffic behaviours, transport habits and needs in several European countries. Various topics related to road safety are in the focus of the project such as alcohol, drugs, or phone use while driving, speeding, use of advanced driver assistance systems and the transport infrastructure and environment.

The aim of the present study was to increase the knowledge of work environment, health and road safety for craftsmen and caregivers (home care and home health care) in connection with work-related travel, to and from assignments.

In the study, their daily activities were described with objective measurements of driving distances, time of day, driving times, speeds, load securing, and etcetera (study A). Additional data was collected on subjective experiences (surveys and in-depth interviews; studies B and C, respectively).

The results show that craftsmen and caregivers had different situations regarding safe travel in connection with work assignments. Craftsmen traveled longer but had fewer trips per day and more occasions of speeding compared to caregivers. The caregivers had higher subjective sleepiness and stress upon awakening than the craftsmen. However, there was no difference in the number of people who reported high values of sleepiness and stress during the working day. For craftsmen, 30 percent reported that they suffered from moderate or severe pain and muscle tension, and 30 percent had lower back pain. For caregivers, 49 percent suffered from pain and muscle tension and 46 percent suffered from pain in the lower back. Furthermore, 37 percent of the craftsmen reported that they got insufficient sleep, the corresponding figure for the caregivers was 58 percent. Set-ups for safe anchoring existed in 64 percent of the craftsmen's cars. The bicycles that were used by caregivers had shortcomings regarding reflexes, brakes, etcetera. Only 30 percent of those who cycled agreed that they often or very often used a helmet. 

Based on the results from the three sub-studies, we have formulated a number of recommendations. These include areas: Strengthened competence, Bicycles/electric bicycles; purchase and maintenance, Motor vehicles; purchase and equipment, Loading/anchoring and Clarified work environment responsibility. In addition, areas for further research were identified. 

In the GoMate project, EV sharing services has been tested in two residential areas located in the central city of Jönköping; services consisting of e-bikes, e-cargo bikes and e-cars. The aim of the project has been to investigate whether and to what extent EV sharing services can contribute to reduced car use in favor of the use of more sustainable mobility solutions. The results show that a diversified EV club has the potential to reduce car use. It is mainly the e-bike that replaces car trips for everyday travel, which in the long term can reduce car holdings in favor of the use of e-car services for occasional travel.

However, if the potential is to be realized, price and business models are required for these services that stimulate reduced car use, considered as a process that can be expected to occur gradually over time. Such a process also needs to be supported by policy instruments and measures that limit car use in central city areas.

If the potential is to be realized, the services also need to be scaled up considerably with respect to the number of vehicles per apartment. Although there was a relatively large EV club with a total of 17 (of which 15 were bicycles) vehicles for 160 households, which were tested in the project, it only had the capacity to supply a very small proportion of the residents' total travel, and with very little effects regarding reduction in energy use and carbon emissions.

A concept for combined mobility services in rural areas has been tested in the demonstration project KomILand 2.0. Three villages with about 900 inhabitants in Västra Götaland, Sweden, were selected as test sites. This report presents an evaluation of the project regarding the function of the services and the actors' experiences of establishing and operating the services in a co-creative process. The evaluation was made through interviews and questionnaires. The services offered via a digital platform were public transport, private car rental, taxi services, electric minibus "village bus" and electric bicycle as well as a sharing service for, for example, trailers. 

The Corona pandemic affected the launch of KomILand’s services by significantly fewer users being able to test the services. 

The survey shows that most residents are satisfied with how they travel today but are inclined to test new services. KomILand was considered to be able to make a positive contribution to the development of the village and reduce the environmental impact of travel, which could mean a potential interest in using KomILand’s services in the future. The low use of the services can largely be explained by the fact that the pandemic reduced the need to travel and the willingness to share vehicles with others. However, several services were considered particularly interesting to test after the pandemic: the village bus, electric bike and sharing service. The interviews show that the informants are positive about the idea of KomILand, which is in line with environmental goals. KomILand is also perceived as very positive for the local development and for the private economy. Representatives from the villages considered that the project structure was unclear, top-down and that communication was deficient. Expectations of roles of the villages must be made clearer. Longer test periods are necessary, as it takes time to change travel habits and for people to test new concepts. Despite the low usage, particularly positive with the process was that KomILand has contributed to a conversation between different societal actors about accessibility in sparse geographies and that it has been possible to put pressure on the regional public transport authorities to act to improve accessibility in rural areas.

VTI has observed seat belt use in a number of towns in Central Sweden since 1983. The observations last year were made over a total of nine days in August–September 2009, approximately one day per measuring point. The total number of vehicles observed was over 54,400 passenger cars and 5,900 other vehicles. When VTI commenced its measurement series in 1983, seat belt use by adult passengers in the back seat was a modest 10%. It increased in one jump to 60% when the law on seat belt use by adults in the car as a whole came into force on July 1, 1986. Today, close to 80% of all adult back seat passengers use a belt. The corresponding level for children in the back seat has been consistently about 10-20 percentage points higher. In 2009, about 95% of all children in the back seat wore a seat belt.

The propensity of young people to take driving licence was rather consistent up until 1990. Around 1990, the behaviour of young people changed in many respects. They continued living at home for a longer period of time, they became established later and with less favourable conditions of employment in working life, they studied to a greater extent and, above all, studied longer, they started families later. A sign of the times was that they also put off taking driving licence. Searches of the literature have shown that hardly any models have been presented that describe the taking of driving licence. A model produced earlier at VTI has functioned as a basis in this study. Separate models of the propensity to take driving licence have been estimated for each age group between 18 and 24. Independent variables in the model are a driving licence cost index and the proportion of 24-year olds who have post upper-secondary school education. Official statistics published concerning the taking of driving licence at various ages show, for example, the proportion of 18-year olds who have taken a driving licence during the calendar year in which they attain the age of 18. If one wants data regarding how many took a driving licence before their 19th birthday, special analyses are required. An estimation can be made based on the result of the model, but in the report a more ambitious attempt is also presented.

Bland vissa certifikatstyper i sjöfarten har det visat sig att den näst största orsaken till sjukskrivning är psykisk ohälsa. Att detta inte uppmärksammats tidigare beror till stor del på att sjöfarten inte har lyckats fånga upp dessa problem eftersom långt från alla rederier dels är knutna till företagshälsovård men också att det råder en kultur som förhindrar medvetenheten. Bland de vanligaste åkommorna är stress, depressioner och problem relaterade till psykosocial arbetsmiljö. Syftet med projektet är att bidra till en hållbar arbetsmiljö i sjöfarten genom ökad medvetenhet kring vilka riskfaktorer som finns vad avser psykisk ohälsa i första hand. Genom longitudinell uppföljning av arbetet med att implementera rådande regelverk är syftet vidare att säkerställa implementation inte bara på rederinivå utan också ombord i praktiken. Målet är att genom ökad medvetenhet i svensk sjöfart statuera exempel och bygga en mer accepterande och hållbar kultur ombord där risker minimeras, ohälsa förebyggs och där organisation finns för att hantera problem.

Denna förstudie genomfördes inom ramen för Trafikverkets branschprogram "Hållbar Sjöfart" som drivs av Lighthouse med stöd även från Stiftelsen Sveriges Sjömanshus. Syftet med förstudien var att undersöka förekomsten av de underliggande orsakerna till och hanteringen av psykisk ohälsa bland fartygspersonal i Sverige. Ytterligare syftade förstudien till att undersöka hur arbetet med att förebygga psykisk ohälsa i sjöfarten bedrivs såväl av rederier som ombord i praktiken.

Förstudien genomfördes mitt under den för sjöfarten mycket påtagliga Covid-19 pandemin, vilket påverkade studien i termer av kraftiga förseningar och bitvis låga svarsfrekvenser. Detta till trots visade ändå förstudien på att psykisk ohälsa bland svenska sjömän drabbar runt 1 av 10 i sådan omfattning att man söker sig till öppenvården och ser man till slutenvården är siffran något högre. Tittar man på de befattningar som drabbas finner man manskap däck och manskap maskin följt av intendenturpersonal. Även fortsättningsvis kan antas att det finns ett stort mörkertal i prevalensen av psykisk ohälsa mot bakgrund av den kultur som råder i sjöfarten. Det återstår ytterligare arbete med att få det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet på plats överlag i sjöfarten och specifikt med stöd av AFS 2015:4 och utöver de rent fysiska riskfaktorerna ombord är man också medveten om effekten av stress och den fortsatt höga mentala arbetsbelastningen. Dock upplevs den egenskattade generella hälsan vara god hos ett litet urval av svenska sjömän. Under tiden som förstudien pågick beviljades även en mer fördjupad studie som fortsättning på förstudien genom Trafikverkets sjöfartsportfölj där ytterligare en registerstudie kommer genomföras för att jämföras med förstudien. Fortsatt forskning bör studera effekterna av framför allt Covid-19 med speciellt fokus på den psykiska ohälsan och den ökade mentala belastningen.

Projektet har haft som mål att utveckla säkerhetskulturen i en grupp bussföretag. Enkätmätningar visar att attityder till ledningens information om säkerhet och förarnas kunskap om företagens säkerhetsmål, men även till förarnas hastighetshållning, har signifikant förbättrats sedan projektstart för några år sedan. Under 2021 har tekniska fleetsystem utvecklats för att mäta och följa upp hastighet. Framöver kommer uppföljning av bränsleförbrukning och olyckor att fortsätta utvecklas. Nya tekniska system visar med hjälp av geofencing att hastighetsefterlevnad på vägar med hastighetsgränser 30–50 km/tim behöver förbättras. Dialog med återkoppling av mätdata till förare behövs för att utveckla säkerhetskulturen i bussföretagen. Bältesanvändningen är mycket hög och vi ser en möjlig koppling mellan att mäta och följa upp, och beteendet hos förare.

Studiens syfte är att finna metoder och teknik för att utveckla och förbättra säkerhetskulturen från ett organisatoriskt- och ledarperspektiv. Säkerhetskultur handlar om gemensamma attityder och beteenden avseende säkerhet och vi har i denna studie fokuserat på prioriteringar, ledarskap, kommunikation och engagemang hos anställda. Hälften av bolagen i studien var engagerade och deltog i möten och engagerade sina förare. De mindre bolagen, påverkades mer av pandemin och hade svårt att få tid eller kraft för engagemang. Detta pekar på vikten av rutiner som har prövats och utvärderats och som är lätta att hantera. De aktiva företagen har köpt och varit med och utvecklat ett fleetsystem för att kunna mäta och följa upp hastighetsefterlevnad. Processen tog längre tid än väntat och har stött på problem med hantering av personuppgifter.

In previous traffic safety work of pedestrian, bicycle and moped traffic, facts have been developed for accidents and injuries. There is a great demand for updated analyses and to extend the content to include mopedists and motorcyclists. The purpose is to increase knowledge about vulnerable road users' involvement in accidents and their injuries. 

The study is based on injured road users registered by the accident database Strada, and mainly from the health care, for the years 2014–2019. The travel data is based on the National Travel Survey, for the years 2011–2016. A seriously injured person is classified as having a Risk of Permanent Medical Impairment of at least 1% or more. 

During the current six-year period, 19,042 pedestrians, 11,195 cyclists, 1,325 mopedists and 1,393 motorcyclists were seriously injured. A vast majority of these were single accidents. Pedestrians consisted of most women aged 45 and older. For cyclists, slightly more men were seriously injured, and the age group 10–14 years had the highest proportion. The severely injured mopedists consisted of a majority of men and over half were aged 15–17. Nine out of ten seriously injured motorcyclists were men, and most were aged 25–64. Regardless of the road user group, the most common case was “leisure” at the time of injury. The most common cause was slippery road (30–60%), and snow/ice was most common for pedestrians, snow/ice and loose grit for cyclists and loose grit for mopedists and motorcyclists. Uneven surface/potholes were also common, between 9 and 17 percent depending on the road user category. The risk of being seriously injured per trip is highest among motorcyclists, and per one million kilometers it was mopedists.

In Sweden, national travel surveys are regularly carried out by Transport Analysis, a governmental agency. However, in the last decade travel survey studies have suffered with problems such as high rate of non-response, coverage, costs and reporting burden. Therefore, this project is underway aimed at investigating and proposing new methods for data collection on people’s mobility. The project is divided into five deliverables (work packages – WP), of which this report is the second one (WP2). The purpose is to carry out an analysis of stakeholders’ needs regarding future requirements of travel surveys. This includes identifying the questions that travel surveys can answer.

Telephone interviews have been conducted with 20 stakeholder representatives and internet-based questionnaires were sent to 142 respondents (response 81 persons, response rate 57 percent). The stakeholders’ representatives were classified into three types of organizations: public sector, research organizations and other actors. Based on their own experience, an analysis has been conducted regarding what is requested from the national travel survey. The analysis show that key aspects of today’s and tomorrow’s travel survey users include (i) mode choice, (ii) trip purpose, (iii) how travel behavior changes over time, and (iv) how different groups travel. To be able to answer these questions, both individual and travel information are required.

The overall purpose of the project is to conduct a demonstration study that shows how two data collection methods that have been developed to collect travel survey data perform in the field, and how they perform compared with traditional TS (i.e., postal questionnaires and/or telephone interviews). The project is also intended to provide a better understanding of the ways in which different recruitment methods of respondents can be used so that future TS can be more cost effective.

The two collection methods tested consist of a mobile app and an online questionnaire with a map to assist the respondents to identify travel destinations. Three recruitment methods were used, i.e., recruitment via random sampling, a web panel, and crowdsourcing. The portion of the random sample that received an online questionnaire was divided into two groups. Half the group was given no incentive, while the other half received a gift card worth SEK 100 after answering the questioner. Those who were recruited via a web panel and were to use the mobile app were rewarded in the form of a gift card worth SEK 100 if, at minimum, they made corrections to trips made on one day registered in the mobile app. A nonresponse analysis was performed of the random sample for both the online questionnaire and the mobile app. Cost estimates for each collection method and recruitment method were also performed, as were uncertainty estimates.

Overall, the study shows that the mobile app registered significantly more trips per respondent than did the online questionnaire, while the distances travelled were comparable. There are several possible interpretations of this. One is that people who responded to the online questionnaire either forget about and/or combined short trips (particularly trips made for the purposes of leisure or shopping, and using the travel modes walking and car). One presumable explanation for this is that it is easier to confirm/correct the trips that the mobile app suggests than it is to recall and enter all trips in an online questionnaire. Another possible interpretation is that people responding to different data collection methods have different travel patterns. Yet another explanation is connected to technique issues regarding the different data collection methods.

Inom samverkansprogrammet Nästa generations resor och transporter, som Trafikanalys är huvudansvarig för, har man identifierat ett behov av att finna och utveckla nya lösningar för resvaneundersökningar (RVU:er). Bakgrunden till detta är bland annat sjunkande svarsfrekvenser med dagens metoder, vilket skulle kunna ge problem med representativiteten. Det anses som mycket angeläget att utveckla nya metoder för datainsamling för framtidens RVU:er, både på kort och lång sikt.

Det övergripande syftet med projektet är att göra en demonstrationsstudie som visar hur två datainsamlingsmetoder som har utvecklats för att samla in resevaneundersökningsdata presterar i fält, samt hur de presterar jämfört med ”traditionell” RVU (postal enkät och/eller telefonintervjuer). 

Projektet syftar också till att få bättre förståelse för hur olika rekryteringsmetoder kan användas för att framtida RVU:er ska kunna bli mer kostnadseffektiva. De två insamlingsmetoder som testats är webbenkät med karta och mobilapp. Tre rekryteringsmetoder har använts och dessa är rekrytering via slumpmässigt urval, webbpanel och crowdsourcing.

Objective: To describe and analyze a measure that has been introduced in Sweden with the objective of quickly offering treatment for the alcohol or drug problems suspected drink or drug drivers may have. The goal of the measure is that every suspected drink or drug driver shall, as soon as apprehended by the police, be offered contact with the social services or the dependency care and treatment service, which can offer a consultation and, if needed, suitable treatment.

Method: Interviews and questionnaire surveys, as well as forms that describe the treatment received by each individual case.

Results: About 20 percent of all those who receive the offer from the police accept contact with the social services or the care and treatment service, and approximately 40 percent of these also attend the consultation. There is a favorable fundamental attitude to the method among the participating authorities. However, some shortcomings in application are revealed. One example concerns drug drivers who are offered contact with the social services or the care and treatment service to a considerably lesser extent than drink drivers. Another neglected group are the people who are at first suspected of drink driving but are later found to have an alcohol concentration below the legal limit. Compared with those who have an alcohol concentration above the legal limit, this group is offered contact to a lesser extent and also have a lower propensity to accept the offer.

Conclusions: The results indicate a strong support for the method from involved authorities, but participation could be improved by giving more attention to neglected groups.

The aim of this study was to evaluate periodic training for professional drivers, part 1 Eco-driving. The main objectives were: How has the training been conducted? Have the requirements of the regulations been met? and has the training program provided the participants with enough understanding of the subject? The study included two qualitative studies and one quantitative study. The qualitative studies used naturalistic observations and interviews. Seven vocational training courses were observed with the aid of an observation guide. The observer did not participate in the teaching. Interviews were conducted with instructors on the observed courses but also other actors who have a good knowledge of the training. The quantitative study consisted of a survey that 799 people (90 percent men) answered. Respondents were on average 44 years old. Most of those who participated in the survey were driving a truck.

The aim of the study was to achieve more sustainable travelling by demonstrating and evaluating a new service that combine mobility for business trips. Another purpose was to investigate how business trips, including online meetings (i.e. virtual meetings that take place at a distance) are carried out in organisations and factors determining modal choice. The study included a process evaluation, an interview study and a survey. The interview study was based on interviews and focus groups with 38 people from 12 organizations; municipalities, regions, private companies and governmental organizations. Those who used the travel app were generally satisfied and could see the benefits of the service. Those who were less satisfied argued that its use was unsatisfactorily. The response from the survey also showed that even if the participants were satisfied with the travel app it was not used on a regular basis, and mostly for regional journeys. This meant that fairly few used it for local bus journeys and long-distance train journeys, which may be because they already had their own travel card and an agreement with a travel agent. This was also supported by the process evaluation which showed that the introduction of the app was more difficult than expected, which many times was due to the organisation already having other solutions in place. The survey also compared the responses of those who used and those who did not use the travel app. The results showed that the group that used the app felt that it was less cumbersome to travel by bus compared to their answers in the before study. The same change could not be seen in the control group. On the questions about on-line meetings about half of the participants replied that it was easy or very easy to arrange such a meeting. The majority had on one or more occasions also attended such a meeting. The reason for not using this possibility was because they felt unsure about how the technology should be used. The results also showed that there was a potential to replace about one fifth of the business trips with on-line meetings. An important conclusion from the study was that an app must be well integrated into existing routines and systems. If that helps in increasing the use of more sustainable transports needs to be explored further over longer time and with groups who currently do not travel in this way.

The overall aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the importance of parents in young moped riders’ behaviour in traffic. The study consists of three parts; a literature review, a survey and an interview study. In the survey, 440 parents of teenagers (who had passed their test for mopeds) participated. In the interview study, 10 of the parents who took part in the survey were interviewed. The results from the literature review show that parents play an important role in young people’s perceptions, attitudes, norms, and behaviours associated with moped driving. Parents can also get involved in different ways to help in improving their teenagers’ knowledge and behaviour in traffic. In general, the review show that parents need support in order to be able to take control, and they also need support from other parents. The main results of the survey show that parents have great faith in the teenager when it comes to their knowledge and behaviour in traffic. In general, the results show that moped driving is not a topic being discussed very much. Some parents have implemented restrictions and the most common ones are related to alcohol and the usage of a helmet. In this study, less than ten percent wanted some form of support from others. Those who need help do not to the same extent as the others, believe that their teenager behave properly in traffic and they also believe that they are more influenced by social media. The study also found that the perception of boys and girls differ. Girls are considered to be safer on the roads but despite this, they have more restrictions placed on them than boys. Even if women value the teen’s knowledge and behaviour in traffic higher than men, they also have imposed more restrictions. In the family, women are talking more about risks in traffic than men are. The results from the interview study show that very few parents are in need of support when it comes to their children’s moped use. More detailed analyses of the interviews, however, reveals that parents would appreciate various forms of assistance, such as written information, training and/or information sessions as well as Internet-based parental forums. Implications of the current finding for the development of methods to increase parental commitment and engagement are presented.

Statistics from the Swedish Road Transport Administration show that less than half of learner drivers pass their driving test. An important explanation for this is that a large proportion of learner drivers who fail their test do not prepare sufficiently for the test. Researchers and professional driver trainers have therefore looked for new solutions and tools which can improve the educational process. A desired effect would be for more people to pass their driving test and thus shorten the waiting times for the test itself.

The Swedish National Association of Driver Trainers (STR) therefore wondered if a digital education protocol (DUP) could help in reducing the number of re-takes. Thereafter, the development of the protocol started. Firstly, through discussions in a workshop with stakeholders and key persons and then through interviews with supervisors, driver trainer and researchers. In the final DUP, 15 training blocks were included, where text, images and films explained and described an exercise based on the objectives of the national curriculum. Either the private supervisor or the driver trainer could approve a teaching ‘block’, when its goal was considered to be fulfilled.

In order to establish how DUP has been introduced at driving schools, how it has been used and if it has resulted in fewer re-takes, a ‘process evaluation’ and a before and after study were conducted. Methods used were surveys and a register, which was updated every time a private supervisor reported that they wanted to participate in the pilot study. The driving schools were responsible for recruiting supervisors during their introductory training. Recruitment started late autumn 2015 and lasted until autumn 2017 when more than 350 supervisors took part in the study. According to the register, there were very few participants who, at the beginning of 2017, had approved any of the blocks. In order to find out why a short survey was distributed to the group. The results showed that the large majority had not started to drive with the students, but there were also some who had technical problems. As a result of this evaluation the manual was revised, and information material was produced, which the driving schools could use in connection with supervisors' introductory training. One year later when the recruitment of new supervisors stopped and 369 had registered, a new web survey was sent out.

This survey measured the effect of DUP but also how it had been used. The response rate was rather low, about 10 percent. Of the responses from 47 supervisors, it appeared that half of them had not noticed the material in the DUP. The main reason for this was that they had forgotten that they had registered an interest in participating, that they had not started to practice driving with their students or that they had changed their minds and no longer wanted to use the tool. Of those who had used the DUP, one third said that the DUP was a great support for them. The tool was used as a source of inspiration but there were only a few who also had approved any of the blocks which would indicate that it was completed. The reasons were, among other things, that the supervisor was unable to use it for technical reasons, that the block was not completed and/or that they saw no point in it. Fourteen percent of the supervisors who answered the survey considered that the DUP should become mandatory for private driver training. While several gave positive feedback on the DUP, some supervisors described the technical problems that had occurred. Some of the supervisors argued that it should be adapted to the mobile phone. The result from this pilot study did not find any significant difference between the groups who used it or those who did not when it came to how many ‘re-tests’ the learner driver had to take before getting his/her license.

The conclusion from this project is that a training protocol, i.e. DUP, can be helpful for supervisors but that further actions are needed to increase its use. Technically, it needs to be easier to use, no matter which application is being used. Since some considered that the manual was enough, the content should be reviewed and offer such things that a printed manual cannot offer as easily. For example, feedback and links to movies. However, those who participated in this pilot project cannot be considered representative, since the number of ‘re-tests’ was considerably smaller and the number of privately reported tests was virtually non-existent. This means that further actions are needed to attract the group that might be most in need of the support that a DUP can provide. For instance, making DUP a mandatory requirement, which means that DUP must be included in the education. In addition, it is suggested that all blocks must be approved, either by the supervisor or a driver trainer, before a learner driver can registered for the driving test. In order to further strengthen the value of DUP, we recommend that the use of DUP is done in consultation with a driver trainer and that it becomes much clearer that both supervisors and teachers can approve parts.

The general aim of this study was to help in improving road safety for motorcyclists by examining their experience and educational backgrounds of those who have been seriously injured. Another purpose was to investigate the reason why accidents occur and motorcyclists' risk perception. The study included four sub-studies: register study, questionnaire study and two interview studies. In the register study and the survey injured motorcyclists was compared with a control group. The results from the register study showed that about 80 percent of the injured drivers had a valid license. Compared with the control group, the injury group was more likely to have failed their theoretical test. The survey showed that the most common accidents were single accidents and that about one-fifth were wholly or partly to blame for the accident. According to the interview with injured motorcyclists who also were to blame, accidents were due to inattention and that the driver's behaviour was misinterpreted. 

The results from the regression analysis showed that 55 percent of the variables included in the Theory of Planned Behaviour explained their intention to speed. Questions based on the T-Locus of Control showed that the most likely cause of an accident is the behaviour of other drivers. This was true regardless of whether they were responsible for the accident or not. 

The conclusion is that education cannot be linked to accident involvement, however, it was possible to establish that speeding can be linked to violations. The latter support the need for a range of educational initiatives. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that education must be of high quality and be student-centred, i.e., based on the student's previous experiences whilst at the same time challenge already established beliefs. The study concludes with a series of recommendations to increase motorcyclists' road safety.

Det övergripande syftet var att undersöka föräldrars vanor och inställning till transporter i samband med skolresor, årskurs 1–6. Studiens resultat baserades på en enkät och fokus i enkäten låg på det aktiva resandet men också resor med bil. 

Resultaten visade att majoriteten av barnen hade en resa på högst 2 km till skolan och det vanligaste färdsättet var gång eller cykel. Majoriteten av föräldrar som skjutsade sina barn med bil till skolan hade ett avstånd till skolan som översteg 5 km. Den sociala normen var starkt kopplat till föräldrarnas val av transporter Detta gällde framför allt de som lät barnet gå eller cykla till skolan men även de som skjutsade barnen. 

Resultaten visade också att föräldrar som skjutsade sina barn då avståndet var 5 eller 2 km till skolan skiljde sig från de som promenerade eller cyklade med avseende på attityden till resandet. 

Föräldrarna som skjutsade barnen till skolan hade en mera negativ attityd till att resa aktivt jämfört med de som redan reste på detta sätt. De instämde i högre grad än andra med att en resa med gång eller cykel skulle innebära omständliga förberedelser. De skjutsande föräldrarna tyckte också att det skulle vara svårare att låta barnen gå eller cykla. Däremot fanns det en medvetenhet om att barn som reser aktivt får en bättre hälsa samt att det hjälper dem att koncentrera sig i skolan. Detta var något som gällde oavsett hur de själva lät barnet resa till skolan. 

Resultaten visade även att det fanns en koppling mellan val av färdmedel och vana, vilka vanligtvis är svåra att ändra på. Trots detta svarade föräldrar som alltid skjutsade barnet till skolan att deras närstående skulle kunna få dem att ändra sina vanor. 

Oron för att barnen skulle utsättas för en försämrad luftkvalitet i skolans närhet, i samband med att föräldrar lämnade och hämtade barnen med bil, var inte särskilt utbredd. De flesta undvek att lämna motorn på tomgång, men en mindre andel av föräldrarna, ca 15 procent, lät bilen gå på tomgång i samband med lämning/hämtning. Lite under hälften av föräldrarna parkerade en bit bort, men detta verkade inte bero på en oro för exponering av luftföroreningar, snarare att det var svårt att finna en lämplig plats att stanna på. 

Flera konkreta förslag på förbättringar av infrastrukturen i skolans närhet delgavs i kommentarer i enkätens slut. Där lyftes även problematiken med miljön i skolans närområde, med stressade bilister och en farlig trafikmiljö, och man efterlyste olika lösningar för att göra denna miljö mer trygg och säker. 

För att möjliggöra att så många elever som möjligt ska kunna gå eller cykla till skolan, krävs en ökad medvetenhet om behovet av fysisk aktivitet och på vilket sätt barnen påverkas av luftföroreningar. Därutöver kan föräldrar behöva hjälp med att övervinna eventuella hinder. Det behövs även ökat fokus på säkrare och tryggare vägar till skolan. 

Resultaten visar en potential att påverka gruppen som alltid skjutsar barnen att låta dem ta sig på skolan på något annat sätt. Samtidigt kommer det att finnas kvar situationer då föräldrar behöver skjutsa barnen till skolan, varför utrymmena vid skolan eller i närheten bör vara utformade så att trängsel och mindre trafiksäkra situationer undviks.

On 1 November 2009 a new risk education program for all students learning to ride a motorbike was introduced in order to enhance their perception of risk. The training is both theoretical and practical. The aim of the study is to evaluate if motorcyclists' perception of risk changed as a consequence of the new training program. The study used a internet survey and two different groups were compared: motorcyclist learner drivers who had completed their training before the implementation of the new program and those who had completed their training after the 1st of November 2009. In the study 1,472 people participated (before study=541; after study=931). The mean age was 30 years and the proportion of women was 20 procent. The results showed relatively small changes in the motorcyclists' attitudes, norms and intentions before and after the new training program. However, the difference was mainly in the "right" direction which indicated a greater understanding of risk. Some negative changes were also observed but most frequently amongst the youngest age group (16-20 years old). These negative changes were related to their perception of speeding, alcohol, fatigue and of their own ability to drive a motorbike if compared with other motorcyclists. In conclusion, the results suggest that further research in this area is needed which looks at the effect of training but also the content and how training is being conducted with regard to methods used and how specific groups are being targeted. Implications of the current findings for the development of educational programs for motorcyclists are discussed.

A Class I moped license (AM) to drive a Class I moped (“EU moped”), that included a practical and theoretical course, was introduced on 1 October 2009. The aim of this study was perform a before and after study in order to assess the effects of this new driver training course. The survey was based on two theories: the theory of planned behaviour and the prototype willingness model. A further aim of this study was to describe the way in which young people regard risks and the factors that affect their actions. The participants in this study were 15-–24 years of age; 901 in the before study and 946 in the after study. The results indicated fairly small differences before and after the new regulation. The attitude towards driving at a speed of 65 km/h in an urban area showed that people in the after study were less inclined to believe that their friends would drive at a speed of 65 km/h in an urban area, and that they did not feel as safe at a speed of 65 km/h as at 45 km/h. The significant differences noted for statements linked to the alcohol scenario were that mopedists in the follow-up study were less concerned about being stopped by the police or having a traffic accident. From a traffic safety viewpoint, the results were less favourable in this case. Overall, the new AM training programme was well received – the young people considered it positive, and ment that they had learned a lot. What they had learned consisted primarily of traffic rules and regulations. The results from the prototype willingness model showed that respondents who wanted to speed or drink and drive were more likely than others to consider that such persons were cool, confident and clever. A model which was based on the two theories was tested. The results indicated that the model explained 52 per cent of their willingness to exceed speed limits and 19 per cent of their readiness to ride home from the party.

On 1 November 2009 a compulsory risk education program for all students learning to ride a motorbike was introduced, in order to enhance their perception of risk. The education consists of two parts: Part 1 is theoretical and part 2 practical. The year after the introduction a study was conducted by VTI with the aim of evaluating if motorcyclists’ perception of risk has changed as a consequence of risk education. The purpose of the present study is to replicate the previous one that was carried out after the new rules were introduced to see if the education has become more effective and to see if there are still some shortcomings. Unlike the study published in 2011, which only consisted of a survey, the latter study also included observations and interviews with professionals.

The aim of this project was to develop and evaluate a bicycle helmet campaign aimed at habitual cyclists, who are not normally using a helmet. The development of the campaign was inspired by theories about communication, behavioural science and more specifically, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM).

The results from the evaluation, which was carried out before and after the campaign, showed that a slightly higher proportion knew how much their helmet reduced head injuries, even if the difference was not significant. This meant that the films that presented this information only partially increased their knowledge. The target group, who did not wear a bicycle helmet, felt safer, wiser and they also agreed to a higher degree than before with the statement that the helmet protects the head. That these attitudes were influenced can very well be linked to the main message of the campaign, which was "Give your brain some thoughts when biking" and that a helmet helps to protect it.

Formerly, a private driving tutor could have an unlimited number of approvals, but new regulations limit the number to 15. The overall purpose of this study is to determine whether this limit on the number of approvals for practice driving a private tutor can have has had any effect on unlawful driving school operations. Another important aim is to offer suggestions for alternative measures to curtail such activity in the driver’s training field. We have taken three approaches to addressing these issues, i.e.: a register study, an interview study, and a survey study. The results of the interview study indicate that, regarding illegal driving school activities, a host of services are available for purchase: falsified tutoring permits, private driving instructions, written examinations filmed on site and that others can access, help to pass the theoretical test by providing the correct answers via an earpiece and booking the appointment for a driving test. According to the interviewees, the most common is to offer private driving tutoring in return for payment. Opinions vary as to the scope of such unlawful activities from minor to extremely extensive in scope. However, the results of the survey study offer indications that relatively extensive unlawful activities are taking place. As to whether the regulations had a positive or negative impact on the unlawful driving school activities, the interviewees were in relative agreement that the regulations had no effect whatsoever. The argument was that those currently engaged in the illegal driving schools, or at any rate the more serious offenders, are sophisticated enough that they would surely circumvent these regulations. Despite this some of them wanted further reductions, even though they did not believe that this reduction would suffice. For them it was important to clearly demonstrate that it is a private instruction and no a professional activity. In general terms, the study identified deficiencies in the current driving licence system that could undermine confidence that Swedish driving licences have been obtained legally. The report ends with 16 different measures which could curtail unlawful activity. This means that no single measure will solve the problem by itself.

The overall aim of this study is to provide a deep and broad understanding of current practice of driver training. Based on the results of four in-depth studies, the project attempts to identify the need for improvement. Furthermore, and in order to improve driver training some essential actions will be presented. Several methods have been used to achieve this aim. The report starts with a literature review looking at various aspects which can influence young driver trainer’s ability to drive safely but also literature looking at deficiencies and needs for change. The following chapter presents accident statistics which includes current data on young drivers’ accident involvement and how this has changed in recent years. That is followed by a summary of statistics on driving license tests and retests. The project also includes an interview study in which eleven professionals were interviewed (politicians, government officials, researchers and representatives of driving schools and race tracks). The purpose of this study was to discuss their views on the current driver training in Sweden but also their own suggestions for change. Two surveys were then carried out. The first was aimed at new drivers of different ages about their driver training and the other was aimed at driving instructors. The general conclusion of this study is that the general discussion of driver training focuses too much on time and cost rather than quality which does not favour traffic safety. The recommendation is therefore that there is a need for a more fundamental change of driver training. To realise this, some of the teaching methods used need to be improved. These methods can then be applied to “risk education” and to the more general driver training. Other areas which are in need for improvement focus on; private practice and a closer contact with driving schools, enhancing the quality of compulsory training and introduce more parts, more frequent quality assurance of driving schools and increased supervision and collaboration between stakeholders, a development of driving licence testing and a better consensus between the objectives, content/process and driving test, a clearer division of responsibilities regarding research and development and a better coordination of the various elements of driver training. Finally, there is a need to highlight best practice which can only be done if evaluation becomes common practice.

This study had four objectives using both quantitative and qualitative methods: 1) to gather knowledge by means of a literature review of research, documented good examples, and proposals concerning ways of handling problems associated with retesting; 2) to examine, through two interview studies and one survey study, the reasons for the declining passing rate among those seeking class B driving licences; 3) to determine whether any specific groups of licence applicants have exhibited lower passing rates; and 4) to propose, based on the results, remedial measures to address the preparation and training of licence applicants before testing. In general, the results show that licence applicants who fail the tests many times lack the ability to assess their own abilities since they believe that they are well prepared. Even if the test then is harder than anticipated they do not feel that they had made any major mistakes, instead it is the examiner who was too strict. Therefore, they often scheduled their retests immediately after their unsuccessful attempts, meaning that some are unable to practice much or at all before the retest. Based on the results of this study, a number of remedial measures are suggested that could reduce the proportion of retests in the future.

In previous studies regarding accidents and near-accidents at road works, a lack of coordinated accident and near-accident reporting has emerged. A project was therefore carried out in collaboration between different actors, with the overall goal of safer work zones. The project focuses on increased cooperation between the various actors in the construction process and on identifying common re-commendations for accident and near-accident management. The project includes a literature review, dissemination, data collection/analysis, and interviews.

The literature study showed a high proportion of overtaking and meeting accidents among motorists and of accidents among unprotected road users due to poor road conditions.

Data collection from the contractor companies' internal incident reporting comprised 3,603 incidents (170 accidents, 1,194 near-accidents and 2,239 risk observations) during 2015–2019. The two most common incidents concerned non-compliance among road users and shortcomings in the companies ' or road workers' planning and management of their work.

The survey study showed that typical motorcycle accidents at road works occur in rural areas, on dry roads, in curves, on narrow or normal two-lane roads with a speed limit of 70 kilometers per hour, usually in connection with minor, ongoing or completed, road works. The most common cause was loose gravel.

Interviews with 12 participants showed that companies use different systems to report events and the same event is reported in several systems. Respondents value reporting since it highlights work environment problems. Nevertheless, incidents are not always reported, because; i) they happen too often, ii) the benefit is not obvious, iii) action was not taken following previous reports, iv) it causes extra work and is time consuming, and v) the fear of consequences.

The study ends with some recommendations: a general national road work incident database, increase the willingness to report, increased enforcement, and faster implementation of safety measures

SMADIT - Cooperation against alcohol and drugs in traffic, is a project in Stockholm County in cooperation between the Swedish Road Administration, the Police Authority, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm County branch of the Swedish Association of Local Authorities, Stockholm City, the Parole and Probation Department of the Swedish Prison and Probation Service, and the County Administrative Board. The objective of SMADIT is to reduce the number of drink drivers and to give people with drink and drug problems an opportunity to deal with their problem. The project intends to develop more effective procedures so that drivers under the influence of alcohol and drugs, resident in Stockholm County (SMADIT customers) are offered a consultation within 24 hours regarding the opportunity to tackle their alcohol or drug dependency, i.e. they are given a SMADIT invitation. This report is an evaluation of part of the development phase in Stockholm County which took place during the period 2005-2007. Within the project there are activity goals, process goals and information goals. These have been evaluated using comprehensive statistics relating to the work and questionnaires to people active in the project. During the period April 2006-March 2007, 2,588 drivers under the influence of alcohol or drugs, resident in Stockholm County, were encountered. Three quarters of the SMADIT customers (1,728 people) received a SMADIT invitation. Of these, 12% were given a specialist assessment. This means that the overriding aim of SMADIT, that 10% of the drink drivers found who were given an invitation to contact with the service for the care & treatment of alcohol and/or drug addicts, should accept treatment or some other action for their dependency, has been reached.

A questionnaire was sent by post to a sample of holders of driving licenses who had been born in the year 1944. The questionnaire covered present travel habits, expectations regarding the future as older road users, and giving lifts to elderly people. By targeting this group, it is anticipated that a more correct picture can be obtained of such things as future travel patterns compared with the usual method of basing forecasts on today's elderly people. As regards present travel patterns, the results showed such things as a continuation of the unequal distribution of car driving between males and females, that the car dominated as a method of travel, and that the car was considered to be necessary more often by men than it was by women. Expectations regarding the future were captured by asking the respondent to imagine that he or she was 80 years old at the time of filling in the questionnaire, and indicating his or her view of the probability of various phenomena at that age. Most of the respondents anticipated a rather active and mobile old age ahead of them, and the degree of optimism increased with increased mileage driven annually. However, over one-third of the women considered that it was not at all probable that they would be driving a car at the age of 80. Almost half of the respondents gave lifts to older relatives and acquaintances regularly, typically up to four times a month.

In Sweden and Finland, different methods are used for identifying elderly drivers who should not continue to drive a car for medical reasons. Although Swedish doctors are obliged to report unsuitable drivers, no medical examinations are required for extending a driving licence. In Finland, however, a driver aged 70 or over must produce a medical certificate together with a certificate of continued driving ability when renewing his licence. The main purpose of the survey was to investigate whether the Finnish system had led to doctors having greater knowledge of traffic medicine and a more active approach compared with doctors in the Swedish system, since all Finnish doctors come into contact with mandatory medical examinations for driving licences during the course of their training as well as in clinical work. A random sample of 3,000 Swedish and Finnish general practitioners was given a postal questionnaire concerning their activities, knowledge and attitudes in regard to car drivers aged 65 and over. The results showed that the differences in activity and attitudes between Swedish and Finnish doctors regarding elderly people and car driving were small. The Swedish doctors were somewhat more active, and knew more about dementia as a risk factor. The Finnish doctors, however, had greater confidence in their own capability to assess the driving ability of elderly patients. The Finnish system thus does not lead to more knowledgeable or active doctors, but can create a somewhat illusory self-confidence among doctors.

The present study compared the driving behaviour of older (67+) drivers who either drove throughout the year or only during the summer season. 41 older subjects drove in VTI’s simulator in both winter and summer conditions, partly combining the driving task with a secondary task of visual detection. It was hypothesised that the groups would differ as to their driving behaviour and that any differences would be more pronounced during winter conditions. While the groups did differ with respect to stress experienced in traffic (more for those driving in summer only) and to cognitive status (only in males, lower for those driving in summer only), there were practically no differences in their driving behaviour. The conclusion is that the strategic limitation of driving exposure either had not affected their driving behaviour or that the differences were too subtle to be detected in a simulated driving situation.

Syftet med denna studie var att granska simulatorns validitet för studier av körbeteende hos äldre (65+) bilförare. Äldre bilförare är det snabbast växande segmentet i förarpopulationen. I förhållande till fältstudier är en körsimulator fördelaktig så tillvida att den verkliga trafikens olycksrisk undviks och att beteendet i situationer som skulle innebära en oacceptabel risk i en fältstudie kan observeras och mätas. Dessutom har man har fullständig kontroll över den experimentella situationen. Nackdelen är att även de bästa simulatorerna inte kan producera en helt övertygande illusion av verklig bilkörning, vilket rimligen påverkar körbeteendet. I studien jämfördes hur äldre försökspersoner körde samma rutt med en instrumenterad bil i verklig trafik och med VTI:s simulator. Dessutom samlades intervju- och testdata. Resultaten visar att försökspersonerna körde i stort sätt på samma sätt i simulatorn som i den instrumenterade bilen. De viktigaste skillnaderna mellan simulator och mätbil var följande: 1. Medelhastigheten var lägre i simulatorn på 70-sträckor. 2. Försökspersonerna körde längre åt höger på vägbanan i simulatorn. 3. Variationen i hastighet, sidoläge och rattutslag var större i simulatorn. 4. Försökspersonerna bromsade betydligt oftare och hårdare i simulatorn. 5. Inlärningseffekter, såsom ökad hastighet och mindre variation i hastighet och sidoläge, uppträdde i betydligt större grad i simulatorn.

AUT är ett system för optimal styrning av samordnade trafiksignaler. Systemet har utvecklats för att kunna installeras i befintliga signalsystem utan krav på omfattande investeringar. AUT innehåller de modeller för effektberäkning som krävs för utvärdering. Sådana effektdata redovisas normalt av AUT tidplan för tidplan och dag för dag. En meningsfull utvärdering förutsätter validering. Validering har genomförts både genom att ur videoupptagningar genomföra detaljerade analyser på länknivå och genom att använda en mätbil. Ur videon utvärderades: länkflöden; matande delflöden; mättnadsflöden; stopp och fördröjning. Mätbilen användes för registrering av körförlopp och bränsleförbrukning. Efter justering för påvisade systematiska avvikelser avseende stopp och fördröjning har AUT bedömts, att inom försöksområdet, kunna ge representativa eller åtminstone inte överskattande beskrivningar av: stopp; fördröjning; olika avgaser och trafikantkostnader. Systemet ger initialt en betydande reduktion av både avgasutsläpp och övriga trafikantkostnader. Initialt har i försöksområdets korsningar avgasutsläppen reducerats med minst 10%. Den största reduktionen gäller kväveoxider, vilka under ett andra driftår skulle reduceras med ca 16%. Kostnadsreduktionen under andra året skulle bli drygt en miljon kr/korsning och år, vilket kan jämföras med en investering av maximalt 100 000 kr per korsning. Genom att AUT kan arbeta med befintlig signalutrustning kan befintliga påvisat gynnsamma signalfunktioner för trafiksäkerhet bibehållas.