We studied the impact of simulated global change on a high alpine meadow plant community. Specifically, we examined whether short-term (5 years) responses are good predictors for medium-term (7 years) changes in the system by applying a factorial warming and nutrient manipulation to 20 plots in Latnjajaure, subarctic Sweden. Seven years of experimental warming and nutrient enhancement caused dramatic shifts in dominance hierarchies in response to the nutrient and the combined warming and nutrient enhancement treatments. Dominance hierarchies in the meadow moved from a community being dominated by cushion plants, deciduous, and evergreen shrubs to a community being dominated by grasses, sedges, and forbs. Short-term responses were shown to be inconsistent in their ability to predict medium-term responses for most functional groups, however, grasses showed a consistent and very substantial increase in response to nutrient addition over the seven years.

The non-linear responses over time point out the importance of longer-term studies with repeated measurements to be able to better predict future changes. Forecasted changes to temperature and nutrient availability have implications for trophic interactions, and may ultimately influence the access to and palatability of the forage for grazers. Depending on what anthropogenic change will be most pronounced in the future (increase in nutrient deposits, warming, or a combination of them both), different shifts in community dominance hierarchies may occur. Generally, this study supports the productivity–diversity relationship found across arctic habitats, with community diversity peaking in mid-productivity systems and degrading as nutrient availability increases further. This is likely due the increasing competition in plant–plant interactions and the shifting dominance structure with grasses taking over the experimental plots, suggesting that global change could have high costs to biodiversity in the Arctic.

About 400,000 premature adult deaths attributable to air pollution occur each year in the European Region. Road transport emissions account for a significant share of this burden. While important technological improvements have been made for reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions from motor exhausts, no actions are currently in place to reduce the non-exhaust part of emissions such as those from brake wear, road wear, tyre wear and road dust resuspension. These "non-exhaust" sources contribute easily as much and often more than the tailpipe exhaust to the ambient air PM concentrations in cities, and their relative contribution to ambient PM is destined to increase in the future, posing obvious research and policy challenges.This review highlights the major and more recent research findings in four complementary fields of research and seeks to identify the current gaps in research and policy with regard to non-exhaust emissions. The objective of this article is to encourage and direct future research towards an improved understanding on the relationship between emissions, concentrations, exposure and health impact and on the effectiveness of potential remediation measures in the urban environment.

Previously, maritime activities such as trade and fishing have been the sole activities at sea. However, with the increased need for renewable energy, the ocean has begun to be utilized for energy extraction, competing for space with maritime activities. In order to effectively plan for the use of the oceans, the EU has adopted a maritime spatial planning directive. Sweden's first maritime spatial plan was established in 2022, and currently, there is an investigation underway regarding amendments to the previously established plans to facilitate the expansion of wind power by an additional 90 terawatt hours (TWh). This pre-study examines the extent to which the interests of maritime activities are legally considered in the previously established maritime spatial plans, how they are proposed to be considered in the upcoming plans, and in the subsequent permit assessments. The focus of the pre-study is on the legal conditions within the exclusive economic zone.

To fulfil the global sustainable development goals (SDGs), achieving sustainable development is becoming urgent, not least in the transportation sector. In response to this, the sustainability framework Sustainability National Road Administrations (SUNRA) was developed to contribute to improving the sustainability performance of national road administrations across Europe. In the present study, the framework has been tested, applied and further developed to be applicable for target setting and follow-up at the project level at both the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and at municipal levels. The aim was a framework relevant for investment, re-investments, maintenance and operation projects and also to make it more user applicable. The study also investigated how the framework can contribute to sustainability, identified drivers and barriers for applying the framework and examined whether the framework can be applied and adapted to projects of different complexities. The adaptations and developments were done in collaboration between researchers and practitioners. The results show that the framework could easily be used and adapted for investment, re-investment, maintenance and operation projects in the planning stage, as well as for small municipal establishments, construction or reconstruction of residential areas and frequent maintenance. The framework contributes to increased awareness on sustainability, and it provides a common structure and transparency on how infrastructure project goals/targets are set and fulfilled. The framework can also be applied to follow the fulfilment of the goals/targets and thereby adapt the project to better fulfil the goals. Identified barriers include the lack of obligations and lack of experience in using sustainability frameworks.

De komponenter i kreosoten som har hög vattenslöslighet har störst potential att transporteras med vatten och därmed också reduceras mikrobiellt i marken. Detta gäller både föroreningar som lakats ut och som föreligger i marken till följd av spill. Kreosotens mer hydrofoba komponenter, så som tyngre PAH, har låg biotillgänglighet i jord och de har också lägst potential i löst fas för att transporteras i marken. Under vissa förhållanden har dock högre PAH-halter än förväntat baserat på löslighet funnits i grundvatten nedströms kreosotförorenade områden. Detta förklaras med att de transporterats i grundvattnet med hjälp av mobila partiklar, så kallad kolloid-faciliterad transport. PAH i jord är troligtvis mindre tillgängligt för terrestra rotsystem än vad PAH i akvatisk miljö är för akvatiska rotsystem. Flera studier har visat på att biotillgängligheten av PAH i mark avtar med tiden och att dessa ämnen på så sätt skulle utgöra en lägre risk efter att de åldrats i marken.

De studier som redovisats i denna rapport fram till och med avsnitt 5 behandlar spridning för relativt höga halter kreosot som man uppmätt till följd av spill i samband med impregnering vid impregneringsanläggning eller vid banvallen. Avgörande för riskerna med spridning av kreosot från dagens kreosotbehandlade sliprar är om det sker en utlakning i samband med lagring samt användning i banvall. Om det sker en utlakning är det också av betydelse att bedöma i vilken omfattning samt om den är betydande på vilket sätt den urlakade kreosotkomponenterna sprids vidare i samt från banvallen.

An emission inventory concerning volatile organic compounds (VOC) and their emission profile linked to their sources in Sweden has been undertaken. The inventory has been used in model simulations to predict the ozone formation from different emission source categories in Sweden. The studies have been carried out using the IVL photochemical trajectory model for two types of air masses which describes clean and polluted air. In Sweden mobile sources contribute to 45 % by mass of the total national VOC emissions, 58 % of the NOx emissions and to at least 43 % of the ozone formation from national sources. In general, the ozone formation in Sweden is more dependent and sensitive to emissions of NOx rather than VOC

This literature review concerns microplastics from tyre and road wear caused by road traffic. As there is limited knowledge about microplastics in general, and microplastics from road traffic in particular, the Swedish Government commissioned the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) to, during 2018-2020, develop and disseminate knowledge about microplastics from road traffic. The chapters in this report summarises existing knowledge about microplastics from road traffic with respect to the following aspects: sources, spread and presence; effects on and risk to the environment and human health; characteristics and chemical composition; tyre and road wear; sampling methods; analysis and sample preparation; and measures. The report also includes a chapter with overall conclusions, and a chapter about further research, development and investigation needs.

The purpose of this report is to provide a basis for reducing the generation and spread of microplastics from road traffic. One aim of the report is to collate and disseminate knowledge about microplastics generated by tyre and road wear, and to review the current level of knowledge. A second aim is to identify knowledge gaps and research requirements in relation to microplastics from road traffic. This literature review is based on a review of scientific articles and reports, as well as technical literature and some information from experts and industry.

This literature review concerns microplastics from tyre and road wear caused by road traffic. As there is limited knowledge about microplastics in general, and microplastics from road traffic in particular, the Swedish Government has asked the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) to, during 2018-2020, develop and disseminate knowledge about microplastics from road traffic. The chapters in this report summarises existing knowledge about microplastics from road traffic with respect to the following aspects: sources, spread and occurrence; effects on and risk to the environment and human health; characteristics and chemical composition; tyre and road wear; sampling methods; analysis and sample preparation; measures. The report also includes a chapter with overall conclusions, and a chapter about further research, development and investigation needs.

The purpose of this report is to provide a basis for reducing the generation and spread of microplastics from road traffic. One aim of the report is to collate and disseminate knowledge about microplastics generated by tyre and road wear, and to review the current level of knowledge. A second aim is to identify knowledge gaps and research requirements in relation to microplastics from road traffic. This literature review is based on a review of scientific articles and reports, as well as technical literature and some information from experts and industry.

Even if the greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly reduced, the ongoing climate change will result in extensive and costly climate-related events that will occur more frequently. The costs in the Swedish transport sector for such events damaging streets, roads, rail/railways, and other vulnerable parts of the infrastructure are high today and are expected to increase. The consequences of weather-related events are, among other things, reduced accessibility, and increased risk of accidents. To maintain the functioning of the transport system, it is important to undertake risk-reducing measures related both to today's climate, but above all, to manage future climate-related events. It is necessary to ensure the functioning of the transport system during extreme weather events, and during periods of prolonged precipitation, prolonged heatwaves and changing precipitation patterns. It is also important to enable adaptation measures to deal with long-term changes such as rising sea levels which affect the accessibility and lifespan of the infrastructure.

This report presents a summary of results and a summary of how a framework for evaluating climaterelated impact relationships has been used. Effect relationships refer to identifying, assessing, and evaluating climate-related risks and risk reduction measures. In this report, the focus is on identifying, assessing, and evaluating the effectiveness of climate-related measures. The results is a framework for assessing the effect of risk-reducing measures, i.e., to assess whether it is relevant to implement a measure, when in time it should be implemented and to assess which measure is most relevant to implement. The risks have considered in case studies and include fire risk, risk of accidents on streets and roads due to zero crossings or heat, flooding, erosion and landslides and impact on road construction (rutting, bearing capacity and fatigue), track buckling and risks related to high winds. The tests have included hazard and risk identification, risk analysis, identification, and evaluation of possible measures. Examples of case studies are a torrential rain in Kungsbacka municipality in 2019, erosion-related changes over a long period of time at Österdalälven and calculations of climate impact on the road construction at the E10 at Svappavaara. A case study has also included monetary valuation and sensitivity analysis. The framework has also formed the basis for a discussion regarding climaterelated risks linked to electricity supply.

SUNRA (Sustainability: National Road Administration) SUNRA is a decision support tool developed to be used in road projects by setting the level of ambition for different sustainability aspects and following up the work towards these in a structured way. 

This memo describes how to use SUNRA, followed by a chapter with suggestions on where in the planning process SUNRA can be used, followed by chapters presenting the themes and aspects that are considered within SUNRA and the underlying issues that constitute the result of the updates made in this version. 

In this version, SUNRA has also been sued against the global sustainability goals as well as the Swedish Transport Administration's interpretation of them in Målbild 2030. SUNRQ aims to use it to contribute to sustainable development with a higher level of ambition than just the legal requirements and other criteria that need to be taken into account. Therefore, for the aspects taken into account, minimum requirements for objectives are the legal requirements that exist and the Swedish Transport Administration's own objectives and policies

Sunra (Sustainability: National Road Administration) Sunra is the Swedish Transport Administration’s (STA) decision support tool developed to be used in road projects by setting the level of ambition for different sustainability aspects and following up the work towards these in a structured way. 

This memo describes how to use Sunra, followed by a chapter with suggestions on where in the planning process Sunra can be used, followed by chapters presenting the themes and aspects that are considered within Sunra and the underlying issues that constitute the result of the updates made in this version. 

In this version, Sunra has also been sued against the global sustainability goals as well as the Swedish Transport Administration's interpretation of them in Målbild 2030. SUNRQ aims to use it to contribute to sustainable development with a higher level of ambition than just the legal requirements and other criteria that need to be taken into account. Therefore, for the aspects taken into account, minimum requirements for objectives are the legal requirements that exist and the Swedish Transport Administration's own objectives and policies 

This memo is a compilation of the adaptation and update work made by Sunra version 2018-12-152 within the framework of sub-project 1.12 Sustainable analysis for smart maintenance in the program Mistra Inframaint. The update has been made to enable Sunra to be used both within investment, operation and maintenance projects. Updates have been made with respect to the aspects that are taken into account within the different Themes, within which Themes different aspects are taken into account and to match ongoing working methods within Investment and Operation and Maintenance at the Swedish Transport Administration. In the work on the update, exports from Operation and Maintenance and Investment have been involved.

Sunra (Sustainability: National Road Administration) is a decision support tool developed to be used in road projects by setting the level of ambition for different sustainability aspects and following up the work towards these in a structured way. 

This memo describes the results of continued development of Sunra adapted for local and regional infrastructure. The result is the prototypes Sulri (Sustainability Local and Regional Infrastructure) and Sulri-frequent. Sulri-frequent is intended to be used for more frequent projects, such as paving existing streets, and Sulri is intended for projects that are a little more complex such as rethinking or replanning such as improving for active travel, climate adaptation of an area or adapting a street, a place or an area to other needs, but Sulri can in principle also be used for more frequent or smaller projects. This report describes a first version of Sulri. The report shows how the tool should be used. Chapter 3 then presents the themes and aspects that are considered within Sulri. Appendix 2 gives the corresponding information for Sulri-frequent. Appendix 1 presents relevant documents and links for the different themes and aspects considered in Sulri.

Methodology for controlling circular mass handling in the Swedish Transport Administration is focused on elements that are carried out in the design phase. There is a lack of methodology for how indicators and key performance indicator can be transferred to the contractor. To improve requirements and incentives in contract procurements, requirements that are procurable and which can be followed-up must be developed. 

The purpose of this project is to, in a feasibility study, develop proposals for indicators and key performance indicators for procurement that can be used to set requirements and provide incentives that can be introduced in the Swedish Transport Administration's procurements to improve mass management, both in the planning of projects and in the actual execution. Future requirements and incentives should be able to be used in procurements and thus contribute to entrepreneurs working more circularly, sustainably and innovatively with mass handling than at present. The main purpose is that the procurement procedure should contribute to achieving the Swedish Transport Administration's goal: the infrastructure should be climate neutral by 2045. 

The work consists of an analysis based on international and national literature, mass management reporting and interviews. 

Based on the collected material, it appears that the regulations regarding excavated masses are not clear, and that the masses are classified as waste in most countries. This, in turn, leads to excavated masses not being recycled as much as is theoretically possible, nor as optimally as possible according to the value chain. To improve this, clearer incentives, indicators and key performance indicators are required, as well as accounting tools and guidance material from the Swedish Transport Administration. In this project, proposals for indicators and key performance indicators have been developed. In addition, an Excel based prototype for how several of these indicators can be reported both before a procurement and to be used to follow up and evaluate mass management in a project has been developed. The report also provides suggestions for continued work to develop the prototype for evaluating mass management at the project level and from a socio-economic perspective.

The urban environment is a complex structure with interlinked social, ecological and technical structures. Global warming is expected to have a broad variety of impacts, which will add to the complexity. Climate changes will force adaptation, to reduce climate-related risks. Adaptation measures can address one aspect at the time, or aim for a holistic approach to avoid maladaptation. This paper presents a systematic, integrated approach for assessing alternatives for reducing the risks of heat waves, flooding and air pollution in urban settings, with the aim of reducing the risk of maladaptation.

The study includes strategies covering different spatial scales, and both the current climate situation and the climate predicted under climate change scenarios. The adaptation strategies investigated included increasing vegetation; selecting density, height and colour of buildings; and retreat or resist (defend) against sea-level rise. Their effectiveness was assessed with regard to not only flooding, heat stress and air quality but also with regard to resource use, emissions to air (incl. GHG), soil and water, and people’s perceptions and vulnerability. The effectiveness of the strategies were ranked on a common scale (from −3 to 3) in an integrated assessment. Integrated assessments are recommended, as they help identify the most sustainable solutions, but to reduce the risk of maladaptation they require experts from a variety of disciplines.

The most generally applicable recommendation, derived from the integrated assessment here, taking into account both expertise from different municipal departments, literature surveys, life cycle assessments and publics perceptions, is to increase the urban greenery, as it contributes to several positive aspects such as heat stress mitigation, air quality improvement, effective storm-water and flood-risk management, and it has several positive social impacts. The most favourable alternative was compact, mid-rise, light coloured building design with large parks/green areas and trees near buildings.

The circular economy is proposed to reduce environmental impact, but as yet, there is limited empirical evidence of this sort from studying real, commercial circular economy business cases. This study investigates the environmental impacts of using second-hand laptops, mediated by a commercial reuse operation, instead of new ones. The method used is life cycle assessment (LCA) and special attention is given to laptops’ metal resource use by using several complementary life cycle impact assessment methods. The results show that all activities required to enable reuse of laptops are negligible, despite the reuse company’s large geographical scope. Two principal features of reuse reduce environmental impacts. Firstly, use extension reduces all impacts considerably since there are large embedded impacts in components. Secondly, the reuse company steers non-reusable laptops into state-of-the-art recycling. This provides additional impact reductions, especially with regards to toxicity and metal resource use. The results for metal resource use however diverge between LCIA methods in terms of highlighted metals which, in turn, affects the degree of impact reduction. LCIA methods that characterise functionally recycled metals as important, result in larger impact reduction, since these emphasise the merits of steering flows into state-of-the-art recycling. The study thus demonstrates how using second-hand laptops, mediated by a commercial reuse operation, compared to new ones, in practice, reduces different types of environmental impact through synergistic relationships between reuse and recycling. Moreover, it illustrates how the choice of LCIA method can influence interpretations of metal resource use impacts when applying circular economy measures to information and communication technologies (ICT). 

Handböckerna om kulturmiljövärdenas för arbetet med miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB) för vägar börjar bli föråldrade och bör bytas ut. De konsulter som beskriver konsekvenserna för kulturmiljön i MKB är akademiskt skolade landskapsarkitekter och saknar utbildning i flera av de klassiska kulturmiljöämnena. Det är två slutsatser av föreliggande undersökning om kulturmiljö och MKB.

För att stärka kulturmiljövårdens intressen i MKB-arbetet föreslås:

• att Vägverket vid upphandlingen av MKB för vägprojekt ställer krav på kulturmiljöcertifiering avMKB-författaren,
• att kulturmiljövårdens organisationer tar fram bättre underlagsmaterial iform av regionalt anpassade beskrivningar av Sveriges kulturvärden och
• att det ges kurser och anordnas seminarier om kulturmiljöfrågor för konsulter

Syftet med studien var att undersöka i vilken utsträckning och på vilket sätt två handböcker om kulturvärden och MKB används av MKB-konsulter. Detta undersöktes i enkäter och intervjuer bland konsulter inom VV-regionerna Sydöst, Mälardalen, Skåne och Väst. Enkäten besvarades av 29 av de 34 tillskrivna konsultföretagen.

Arbetet avses utgöra ett hjälpmedel till Vägverkets arbete att nå de transportrelaterade miljömålen.

Uppföljning av miljökonsekvenser har blivit allt vanligare sedan 1995. Det ständigt pågående utvecklingsarbetet med uppföljning av miljökonsekvenser, vid Vägverket och Banverket, visar många positiva resultat. Bland annat har flera genomgripande uppföljningsprogram tagits fram för några vägobjekt, även om enstaka uppföljningsformuleringar i miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB) och arbetsplaner/järnvägsplaner fortfarande dominerar.

Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) har studerat ca 70 uppföljningsarbeten, producerade under 1990-talet, huvudsakligen från 1996 och framåt. Materialet har eftersökts vid Vägverkets regionkontor Sydöst, Väst och Mitt samt inom hela Banverket. Det har varit svårt och tidskrävande att få tillgång till relevant material. För att underlätta eftersökningen har dessutom en rad initierade personer vid Vägverkets regionkontor kontaktats.

Några av de viktigare slutsatserna är att:

• det sedan 1995 har blivit vanligare med uppföljningsformuleringar, 
• uppföljning inte självklart omfattar såväl byggskede som tiden efter färdigställande,
• uppgifter om före-data är ovanliga,
• de vanligaste uppföljningsparametrarna är vatten, buller, djur och landskapsbild,
• mätmetoder sällan anges,
• kompetenskrav sällan anges,
• fastställda statistiska krav sällan anges,
• syftet med uppföljningen sällan anges, och att
• kommunikation med olika aktörsgrupper såsom allmänhet är en ovanlighet.

Det material som insamlats, även om det är magert, kommer att kunna användas som en utgångspunkt i såväl upprättande av en handbok för uppföljning i samband med MKB, som vid utvecklandet av ett informationssystem om uppföljning.

Air pollutants, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise are affecting people worldwide. Therefore, all sectors of societies, including the transport sector, are developing capacity to reduce their contributions to these pollutants. This generates a demand for transforming environmental monitoring of air pollutants, greenhouse gases, and noise from scarcely located measurements used to investigate long-term trends in retrospect, towards frequent and abundant real-time tools that allows for planning and optimization of activities to minimize the emissions. While the transport sector generates considerable emissions and is often portrayed as a problem, this presentation explores paths towards environmental monitoring for the future along which the transport sector can instead contribute important solutions. 

The methodological paths presented will briefly touch on (1) the use of low-cost sensing around e.g., airports, and (2) UAV systems for trace gas mapping. Opportunities and challenges will be explored based on recent research experiences. Multiple aspects, ranging from hardware details to large system use, are of interest and will be discussed. 

Results from recent research on using low-cost sensors for carbon dioxide and methane, and novel multi-gas UAV mapping will be shown, and progress and remaining challenges will be discussed. 

While challenges remain, it is increasingly clear that deeper integration of environmental sensing and the transport sector would be highly beneficial for the development and implementation of future environmental monitoring that can empower and support societal action to minimize pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. Such integration will require multidimensional thinking, combining transport sector and environmental sensing expertise for maximum positive impact. 

Thirty-four interviews were carried out with drivers in four countries to elicit their understanding about pollutants, specifically nitrogen dioxide (NOX) and particulate matter (PM). The results showed that most of the participants knew that cars emitted carbon dioxide (CO2), but they were less aware of the emission of NOx and PM. Also, being aware of the negative impacts of pollutants did not necessarily lead to eco-friendly vehicle choices. Most of the drivers were aware of pollutant friendly behaviours such as avoiding harsh acceleration/deceleration and maintaining smooth speed but were unaware of behaviours such as efficient gear use, avoiding engine idling, or anticipation of traffic ahead. Only a few mentioned pre-trip or strategic level behaviours (e.g., vehicle size/weight or the selection of appropriate routes and avoidance of traffic congestion). The results could be used to design educational material to raise awareness and provide drivers with tips to reduce their pollutant emissions. 

Modeling the impact of the use of chemical anti-/deicing on the roadside environment requires knowledge of the roadside exposure to salt, the vulnerability or dose-response relationship of the modeled environmental subjects and, preferably, the “cost” of the following impacts. The results presented in this paper are the first tentative test runs of the environmental sub-model of the Swedish Winter model. The environmental cost will in this case study be the cost for vegetation damage larger than a chosen accepted level of damage, and a cost for groundwater protection installations. The total environmental cost in this small case study will roughly be between 1.5 and 2.5 MSEK.

Microplastics from road traffic, mainly from tyre wear, are globally considered to be one of the largest sources of microplastic contamination in the environment. Plastics can either be deposited in the road vicinity, at the roadside and in ditches or spread via stormwater and air to the environment and receiving water bodies. In cold climates, microplastics, as well as other traffic-related pollutants, can be temporarily stored in snow and ice on and around roads and streets. The location and concentration of these pollutants is influenced by winter operations, where ploughing and skid control contribute to redistribution, and by melting and compaction of ice and snow. This creates reservoirs of microplastics and other pollutants, which are released into stormwater or surrounding soil during thaws, but also provides an opportunity to reduce the spread of microplastics by managing snow and ice appropriately. In the present report, a case study of microplastics in snow has been carried out in the municipality of Karlstad in Sweden, to get an idea of the potential variation, both in terms of concentration and total amounts in relation to traffic and the location of the sampling in the street environment. Microplastics have been analysed by pyrolysis GC/MS to identify tyre-specific polymers in combination with eight commonly occurring plastic types. In addition, six municipalities in different parts of the country responded to a questionnaire on microplastics in snow and urban snowmelt management. The results show that microplastics related to tyre wear (rubber polymers) tend to be present in higher concentrations on and near the carriageway. Other plastics show a less clear link to traffic. Along a salted bicycle lane, an elevated level of polypropylene, from which the brush of the sweep-salting machine is made, could be detected in the surface layer of the snow. In general, knowledge about microplastics in urban snow is low in the municipalities that responded to the survey.

Sommaren 2023 antog International Maritime Organization (IMO) en reviderad växthusgasstrategi med målsättningen att nå nettonollutsläpp av växthusgaser från internationell sjöfart omkring 2050. För att nå detta krävs en övergång till bränslen med noll eller mycket låga utsläpp av växthusgaser (GHG) under hela deras livscykel. Det finns flera marina bränslen och framdrivningssystem som kan användas inom nordisk sjöfart i framtiden inklusive metanol, vätgas och ammoniak. De är förknippade med olika mognadsnivåer och deras tillämplighet för olika fartygstyper varierar. Vad är då potentialen för dessa olika marina bränslen (i olika framdrivningssystem) att nå låga eller noll växthusgasutsläpp i ett livscykelperspektiv och hur presterar de när det gäller andra typer av miljöpåverkan? Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera miljöpåverkan från marina bränslen och framdrivningstekniker i Norden år 2030 med hjälp av livscykelanalys (LCA). Inkluderade bränslena är vätgas, ammoniak och metanol, samt metan, el i batterier, samt marin gasolja och flytande naturgas för jämförelse.

Prospektiv livscykelanalys (LCA) används här för att uppskatta miljöpåverkan för 32 olika alternativ (kombinationer av marina bränslen och framdrivningstekniker) med potential att uppnå låg klimatpåverkan för fartyg som trafikerar Norden. Bränsleproduktionen och dess infrastruktur, transport av bränslet till fartyget, och användningen av bränslet ombord på fartyget ingår. För några typiska fartyg har också konstruktionen av framdrivningssystemet inkluderats. Fartygets skrov, däck, propeller och övriga utrymmen ingår däremot inte. Tidsperspektivet är fartygsdrift runt 2030, med utblick till 2050. Data är baserad på information som samlats in från experter i projektet, leverantörer och från litteratur och databaser. 

Bränsleproduktionsvägarna som utgår från biomassa eller nordisk elmix (gröna alternativ) är förknippade med lägre växthusgasutsläpp än motsvarande bränsleproduktionsvägar från naturgas med koldioxidavskiljning och lagring (CCS). Alternativ med bränsleceller har generellt lägre klimatpåverkan än 2-takts motorer, som i sin tur presterar bättre än motsvarande 4-takts motorer, vilket beror på skillnader i framdrivningsalternativens effektivitet. Olika framdrivningstekniker passar dock olika fartygstyper. I 2030-perspektivet har de biomassabaserade metanolalternativen och de batterielektriska alternativen lägst klimatpåverkan följt av de olika gröna vätgasalternativen och grön ammoniak i bränsleceller. 

The Swedish Transport Administration has stated that there is a need to develop the use of micro simulation models of fuel use and emissions of traffic that are used for transport planning. The aim of the project is to perform an evaluation of PHEM model to investigate conditions, opportunities and barriers to use it in transport planning. The following aspects have been assessed: License agreements, costs, rights, property issues; User friendliness; Content and calculation capabilities; Adjustment and development possibilities; Validation. Furthermore, simulation tests have been performed where fuel consumption and emissions of nitrogen oxide, nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulate mass and particle number has been calculated for roads with different road classes and for additional emissions and fuel use due to a vehicle stop. PHEM model is found to be relatively user-friendly, and with great opportunities to customize calculations. This makes the model complex, therefore it is recommended to start using PHEM with a short introductory course, even for used modellers. A conclusion of the evaluation is a recommendation to use PHEM for transport modelling. The database underlying the engine maps is constantly updated leading to more reliable emission calculations. The possibility to get a greater coherence in the calculations of the exhaust emissions of the different models that the Transport Administration advocate is also improved, which is a positive development. There are, also, some development possibilities that should be considered.

Rolling resistance is an important component for the calculation of vehicle fuel consumption and emissions. This report presents a possible method development for the emissions model PHEM to consider the effect of road surface characteristics on rolling resistance. With this development it is possible to have a more comprehensive application of PHEM. The importance of the road surface influence of fuel consumption has previously been done with the VETO model in which it is possible to specify road surface properties. Therefore, VETO is considered appropriate to analyse how road surface characteristics affect fuel consumption. PHEM does not offer the same possibilities. 

The four alternative methods explored in this report are: (1) change PHEM’s source code to include the same possibilities to consider road surface characteristics as VETO, (2) to externally, with another model, calculate rolling resistance and include it as input variable in PHEM, (3) substitute the rolling resistance model in PHEM with an equivalent model from VETO, and (4) use a reference case from VETO to PHEM and make additional corrections to the results obtained from PHEM by using VETO. The alternatives (1) to (3) change the rolling resistance model yet retain all the other parts from PHEM while alternative (4) requires additional simulations. Alternatives (3) and (4) do not require modifications to PHEM’s source code.

 The background is that the EU has articulated an ambition to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions with 80 per cent to the year 2050, relative the level of 1990. The transport sector has hereby been given a target to reduce its emissions by 60 percent. The objective for the “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area” is to propose a policy that attains this target. The review comprises a discussion about (a) the stated emission targets for the whole EU and for the transport sector from a cost-effectiveness perspective, (b) whether the Commission’s analyses are consistent and comprehensive, (c) the scope for designing more cost-effective policy packages, and (d) the need for additional assessments. The Commission’s assessment for the transport sector is defective. It is not sufficiently transparent for the reader to fully understand the results and their drivers. It is not possible to find a clear accounting for the carbon prices that are needed for attaining the 60 percent target level in the “price based” policy scenario. And, the reader is not given a clear presentation of the assumed dose-response relationships between R&D and emissions as well as physical planning and emissions. Furthermore, the assessment does not comprise all relevant cost components, resulting in that the analysis become examples with limited values. Perhaps most grave is the circumstance that the Commission proposes a policy package implying that the transport sector within the EU would meet a carbon price that lies substantially below the price level assumed for the rest of the world. In addition, the Roadmap defines a policy package that seems to contain several large investments/projects that not easily can be associated with the objective of reducing greenhouse-gases in cost-effective way. It is not difficult to construct more cost-effective policy packages. In some instances it is difficult to avoid the thought that the climate problem has been hijacked in order to motivate the implementation of projects or undertaking of investments that have only small effects on the emissions or even increase them. Thus, when it is time for the next evaluation of the EU’s transport policy the risk is substantial that we have to observe that the transport sector once again has developed along other lines than the one outlined in the White Paper for the transport sector.

Whether climate change will turn cold biomes from large long-term carbon sinks into sources is hotly debated because of the great potential for ecosystem-mediated feedbacks to global climate. Critical are the direction, magnitude and generality of climate responses of plant litter decomposition. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of the major climate-change-related drivers of litter decomposition rates in cold northern biomes worldwide.

Leaf litters collected from the predominant species in 33 global change manipulation experiments in circum-arctic-alpine ecosystems were incubated simultaneously in two contrasting arctic life zones. We demonstrate that longer-term, large-scale changes to leaf litter decomposition will be driven primarily by both direct warming effects and concomitant shifts in plant growth form composition, with a much smaller role for changes in litter quality within species. Specifically, the ongoing warming-induced expansion of shrubs with recalcitrant leaf litter across cold biomes would constitute a negative feedback to global warming. Depending on the strength of other (previously reported) positive feedbacks of shrub expansion on soil carbon turnover, this may partly counteract direct warming enhancement of litter decomposition.

In a road simulator study, a significant source of sub-micrometer fine particles produced by the road-tire interface was observed. Since the particle size distribution and source strength is dependent on the type of tire used, it is likely that these particles largely originate from the tires, and not the road pavement. The particles consisted most likely of mineral oils from the softening filler and fragments of the carbon-reinforcing filler material (soot agglomerates). This identification was based on transmission electron microscopy studies of collected ultrafine wear particles and on-line thermal treatment using a thermodesorber. The mean particle number diameters were between 15-50 nm, similar to those found in light duty vehicle (LDV) tail-pipe exhaust. A simple box model approach was used to estimate emission factors in the size interval 15-700 nm. The emission factors increased with increasing vehicle speed, and varied between 3.7 x 10(11) and 3.2 x 10(12) particles vehicle(-1) km(-1) at speeds of 50 and 70 km h(-1). This corresponds to between 0.1-1% of tail-pipe emissions in real-world emission studies at similar speeds from a fleet of LDV with 95% gasoline and 5% diesel-fueled cars. The emission factors for particles originating from the road-tire interface were, however, similar in magnitude to particle number emission factors from liquefied petroleum gas-powered vehicles derived in test bench studies in Australia 2005. Thus the road-tire interface may be a significant contributor to particle emissions from ultraclean vehicles. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gentle Remediation Options (GRO) are remediation measures involving plants, fungi, bacteria, and soil amendments that can be applied to manage risks at contaminated sites. Several studies and decision-support tools promote the wider range of benefits provided by GRO, but there is still skepticism regarding GRO implementation. Key issues that need to be better communicated are the various risk mitigation mechanisms, the required risk reduction for an envisioned land use, and the time perspective associated with the risk mitigation mechanisms. To increase the viability and acceptance of GRO, the phytomanagement approach implies the combination of GRO with beneficial green land use, gradually reducing risks and restoring ecosystem services. To strengthen the decision basis for GRO implementation in practice, this paper proposes a framework for risk management and communication of GRO applications to support phytomanagement strategies at contaminated sites. The mapping of the risk mitigation mechanisms is done by an extensive literature review and the Swedish national soil guideline value model is used to derive the most relevant human health exposure pathways and ecological risks for generic green land use scenarios. Results indicate that most of the expected risk mitigation mechanisms are supported by literature, but that knowledge gaps still exist. The framework is demonstrated to support the identification of GRO options for the case study site given two envisioned land uses: biofuel park and allotment garden. A more easily understandable risk management framework, as proposed here, is expected to act as a communication tool to educate decision-makers, regulatory bodies and other stakeholders for better understanding of risk mitigation mechanisms and preliminary timeframes of various GRO, particularly in the early stages of a brownfield redevelopment project. © 2021 The Authors

Urban environments are challenged with a plethora of wicked problems in the face of rapid urbanization and land use change, not least natural capital degradation and widespread land and water contamination. Brownfields, under-used sites with real or perceived contamination, are significant urban and peri-urban land resources which, with well-designed remediation and management strategies can address these concerns. Gentle remediation options (GRO) are scalable nature-based techniques which provide significant opportunities for multi-functionality: managing risks posed by contaminants and at the same time enhance ecosystem services (ES) by improving the soil ecosystem in a low-impact, cost-effective manner. GRO align with an increasing interest in taking a holistic view on soil and land management to protect and improve the soil ecosystem for direct human benefit in the form of ES as well as for its indirect, intrinsic value as a haven for biodiversity. This short review aims to present a synthesis of ideas to raise awareness for urban planners about GRO techniques as nature-based solutions which can promote green infrastructure in the urban environment. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

This memorandum presents a model based on the International Maritime Organization (IMO) study Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study 2020. Using this model, one may estimate spatiotemporal emissions (as well as fuel and energy consumption) for individual ships. We utilize automatic identification system (AIS) data provided by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM) and data on ship characteristics from a custom sample from IHS Markit’s commercial vessel database. The sample is covering ships that made calls at Swedish ports and were required to pay fairway dues between 2008–2020. We present emission estimates including carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), particular matter (PM10 and PM2.5), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). The emissions originate from commercial shipping in 2019 for two geographical areas: Swedish territory and a larger region including Sweden and the Baltic Sea. However, it is worth noting that this is work in progress and presented numbers and estimations are likely to have already been improved and changed at the time of publication. Hence, consider this a proof-of-concept.

Uncertainty about the future technological and societal trajectories poses challenges to transport planning and policy evaluation. While tools to manage this deep uncertainty have emerged, these have only been integrated into transport applications to a limited extent. This study explores Many Objective Robust Decision Making (MORDM) as a tool for incorporating robustness considerations into the design and assessment of transport climate policies. We demonstrate the MORDM method using a climate policy assessment tool developed by Trafikverket, denoted the scenario tool, and identify challenges and opportunities of MORDM in this context.

MORDM is a framework for identifying robust policies given a set of policy levers, uncertain scenario and model parameters, and multiple objectives. First, multi-objective optimization is utilized to generate Pareto-optimal policy candidates in a reference scenario. Thereafter, the robustness and vulnerabilities of candidate policies are assessed by analysis across a large set of scenarios. In this study, we use the open-source Python library EMA workbench to apply MORDM to the scenario tool and perform an example analysis.

Decision-making tools for deep uncertainty, like MORDM, have the potential to improve transport planning and policy making. Multi-objective optimization facilitates a systematic identification of a diverse set of Pareto-optimal policies, which can help policymakers to analyze a broad policy spectrum. MORDM also supports comprehensive evaluation of policy robustness against uncertainty. The implementation study highlights the need for making subjective choices in performance and robustness evaluations over multiple objectives. Consequently, active involvement from policy makers throughout the process is crucial. Further research is required on the technical feasibility of applying these tools to more detailed transport and impact assessment models. Additionally, it is important to study how coupling these tools with simple models can support transport planning and policy analysis. 

While the technological development of vehicles and fuels is not adequate to meet current climate mitigation targets, infrastructure development also plays an important role in transforming the transport system. Previous studies have argued that conventional infrastructure planning is incapable of implementing climate mitigation. The aim of the paper is to provide insights into power means and mechanisms that counteract integration of climate mitigation targets in infrastructure planning. This is done by an in-depth case study of current Swedish national transport planning. This case provides a rich illustration of a situation with high political ambitions regarding climate mitigation on the one hand, and power mechanisms and resistance with regard to climate goals during the planning process on the other. The case is analysed using the perspective of power circuits and shows how forecasting works as an obligatory passage point, sorting in and out which analyses will be part of the decision-making material. Analyses which do not fit the forecasting model are dismissed from planning. The conclusion is that as long as the transport infrastructure planning practice is dependent on forecasting as the only central analysis there will be difficulties in changing the scope of infrastructure planning and making climate goals central for transport planning. 

This project included three different studies with a view to providing an in-depth understanding of user needs and attitudes to alternative fuels and vehicles, such as: battery electric vehicles, hydrogen vehicles and cars using biogas. In addition the studies also examine attitudes to cars in general and climate change as well as exploring likely prospects for such cars in the future. The studies used three different methods; focus group, survey and interviews. The focus groups included six people, the survey 487 randomly selected road users and the interview study nine different stakeholders from government agencies, industry, branch organizations and the media. The results show that when purchasing a car safety and reliability are more important than the emission of CO2. The perception of cars powered by alternative fuels (electric, fuel cell, biogas), does not differ markedly. The price people are willing to pay for such a car is significantly lower than what these cars cost at present. In general, it could be argued that consumers want a car powered by alternative fuels to be similar or better than, a conventional car. The interview study also shows that politicians have an important role to play in the development of alternative fuels and the related infrastructure. According to the interviewees, the biggest challenge is not the technology, but rather how to provide an infrastructure for these vehicles. The industry is an important player who is willing to invest if the business can be profitable. Long-term is a keyword and is mentioned both in terms of policy instruments and information dissemination. In the latter case, since studies show that there are large gaps in the overall knowledge and understanding by the general public as well as considerable distrust of information presently available. Finally, the results also shows the need for a holistic approach where the focus is not only on fuel, but also on the development of attractive and accessible cities which reduce transport demand and provide for increased transport efficiency.

Byggtransporter står för en betydande andel av CO2-utsläppen i byggprojekt (ca 10%) och en bättre logistik leder till lägre utsläpp, mindre trängseleffekter och lägre kostnader. Projektet Fossilfri Bygglogistik, finansierat av Trafikverket genom Triple F, har 2019-2021 studerat potentialen i att minska utsläppen från byggtransporter med förbättrad logistik baserat på ett systemsynsätt. Projektet har utgått från tre frågeställningar: (i) Vad är potentialerna med samordnad bygglogistik och vad krävs för att hämta hem dessa? (ii) Vilka metoder/lösningar är användbara för att nå målet om fossilfrihet? (iii) Vad är rollfördelningen mellan aktörer. som är delaktiga i ett bygglogistiksystem, och behöver den förändras för att uppnå fossilfrihet; Transportation accounts for about 10% CO2-emissions caused by construction projects and improved logistics leads to lower emissions, less congestion and lower costs. The project Fossil Free Construction Logistics, financed by the Swedish Traffic Administration through Triple F, has between 2019 and 2021 studied the potential of reducing the emissions from construction transports, through improved logistics, based on a systems view. The project has worked with three main questions: (i) What are the potentials of coordinated construction logistics? (ii) What methods and solutions are suitable to reach the goal of fossil free construction logistics? (iii) What actors are part of the construction logistics system and what can these do to decrease the emissons from construction logistics?

To date, most estimates of contaminant fluxes across the sediment/water interface in risk assessments have been done using diffusive flux models. However, the reliability of these is limited as the overall flux from the sediment may have contributions caused by advection and bioturbation. We found through a comparison of modelled fluxes versus measured fluxes, that the methods Benthic Flux Chamber and surface leaching tests in a risk assessment context showed similar magnitude while calculated fluxes deviated at least by a factor of 100 from measured fluxes. This may be explained by the flux contribution in connection with bioturbation. The chamber- measured fluxes of copper were low compared to those of zinc and cobalt, but this is consistent with leaching tests that indicated copper to be more strongly bound. Risk assessments based on total concentrations may be misleading.

Despite the recognition of the role that biofuels play in achieving climate objectives in Sweden and the EU, there exists a gap in our understanding of how the production and distribution of biofuels impact Swedish greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, recent geopolitical events have highlighted the vulnerabilities stemming from the nation's reliance on imported fuel, elevating energy supply concerns to the realm of national security. These concerns underscore the need for a better comprehension of the evolution of fossil-free transportation systems. The objective of this study is to examine and map the production, distribution, and fuel demand in Sweden today to set the stage for future analyses that seek to explore how changes in logistics, transportation, and fuel production locations may affect greenhouse gas emissions in the country, particularly from an increased self-sufficiency in biofuel production in Sweden.

Another goal of this study is the establishment of a reference group, aimed at providing an accurate assessment and bridging potential knowledge gaps. To this end, we have collaborated with key organizations, including the Swedish Energy Agency and Drivkraft Sverige, a Swedish trade association for fuel industry. Additionally, we have initiated a partnership with Skogforsk, a forestry research institute with extensive knowledge in biofuel production from woody biomass – the resource with the greatest potential for large-scale biofuel production in Sweden. Through this study, we have laid a solid foundation for subsequent analyses, the outcomes of which will contribute improve biofuel distribution and provide recommendations for national policy measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Implementation of regulatory standards has reduced exhaust emissions of particulate matter from road traffic substantially in the developed world. However, nonexhaust particle emissions arising from the wear of brakes, tires, and the road surface, together with the resuspension of road dust, are unregulated and exceed exhaust emissions in many jurisdictions. While knowledge of the sources of nonexhaust particles is fairly good, source-specific measurements of airborne concentrations are few, and studies of the toxicology and epidemiology do not give a clear picture of the health risk posed. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge, with a strong focus on health-related research, highlighting areas where further research is an essential prerequisite for developing focused policy responses to nonexhaust particles.

Tyre wear has been identified as a major road-related pollutant source, with road runoff transporting tyre wear particles (TWP) to adjacent soil, watercourses, or further through stormwater systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and transport of TWP along a stormwater system. Water and sediment have been sampled at selected points (road runoff, gully pots, wells, outlet to a ditch, and stream) through a stormwater system situated along a highway in Sweden during November and December 2022, and March 2023. As there is limited data on the size distribution of TWP in different environmental media, especially in the size fraction <20 μm, the samples were fractioned into a fine (1.6–20 μm) and a coarse (1.6–500 μm) size fraction. The samples were analysed using a combination of marker compounds (benzene, α-methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, and butadiene trimer) for styrene-butadiene rubbers with PYR-GC/MS from which TWP concentration was calculated. Suspended solids were analysed in the water samples, and organic content was analysed in the sediment samples. TWP was found at nearly all locations, with concentrations up to 17 mg/L in the water samples and up to 40 mg/g in the sediment samples. In the sediment samples, TWP in the size fraction 1.6–20 μm represented a significant proportion (20–60%). Correlations were found between TWP concentration and suspended solids in the water samples (r = 0.87) and organic content in the sediment samples (r = 0.72). The results presented in this study demonstrate that TWP can be transported to the surrounding environment through road runoff, with limited retention in the studied stormwater system. 

Sources of airborne particulate matter and their seasonal variation in urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa are poorly understood due to lack of long-term measurement data. In view of this, filter samples of airborne particulate matter (particle diameter ≤2.5 μm, PM_2.5) were collected between May 2008 and April 2010 at two sites (urban background site and suburban site) within the Nairobi metropolitan area. A total of 780 samples were collected and analyzed for particulate mass, black carbon (BC) and 13 trace elements.

The average PM_2.5 concentration at the urban background site was 21±9.5 μg m⁻³, whereas the concentration at the suburban site was 13±7.3 μg m⁻³. The daily PM_2.5 concentrations exceeded 25 μg m⁻³ (the World Health Organization 24 h guideline value) on 29% of the days at the urban background site and 7% of the days at the suburban site. At both sites, BC, Fe, S and Cl accounted for approximately 80% of all detected elements. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified five source factors that contribute to PM_2.5 in Nairobi, namely traffic, mineral dust, industry, combustion and a mixed factor (composed of biomass burning, secondary aerosol and aged sea salt).

Mineral dust and traffic factors were related to approximately 74% of PM_2.5. The identified source factors exhibited seasonal variation, apart from the traffic factor, which was prominently consistent throughout the sampling period. Weekly variations were observed in all factors, with weekdays having higher concentrations than weekends. The results provide information that can be exploited for policy formulation and mitigation strategies to control air pollution in Sub-Saharan African cities.

Tyre particles are generated by shear forces between the tread and the road or by volatilisation. Tyre abrasion (wear) contributes from one-third to half of microplastics unintentionally released into the environment. The major part ends up in the soil, a considerable amount is released into the aquatic environment, and a small percentage becomes airborne. Nevertheless, tyre abrasion contributes to 5–30% of road transport particulate matter (PM) emissions. This corresponds to approximately 5% of total ambient PM emissions. The particle mass size distribution peak at around 20 to 100 μm, with a second peak in the 2–10 μm range. A nucleation mode has been reported in some studies. The absolute abrasion levels depend on the tyre, vehicle, and road characteristics, but also on environmental conditions and driving style. Most tyre particle emission factors in the literature are based on data prior to the year 2000.

This report addresses the significant impact of road traffic on local air pollution, particularly in densely populated areas, attributing it to mechanical wear of road surfaces, notably from studded tyres prevalent in Nordic countries during winter. Short-term mitigation measures on roads, such as road cleaning and dust binding, are highlighted as effective methods to reduce airborne particulate matter. Road cleaning involves the removal of dust from road surfaces and adjacent areas using various equipment and methods. Timing and planning of road cleaning operations are crucial.

Dust binding operations aim to bind road dust to the surface before it becomes airborne, using chemicals. Various factors are affecting the effectiveness of dust binding operations, like street surface conditions, the dust load, weather conditions, type and concentration of chemical solution, and application method. Although dust binding is effective, it also poses environmental challenges. A review of different environmental and corrosion effects and price of different dust binding chemicals are given. Methods for managing unpaved roads are summarized. Other short-term actions discussed include reduced speed limits, traction sanding, even/odd numbered license plate restrictions, and temporary bans on studded tyres.

The report discusses strategies to address non-exhaust particles generated by road traffic, focusing on factors influencing the production of these particles. Key factors affecting pavement wear include traffic volume, types of tyres (studded vs. non-studded), pavement material, driving speed, climate, winter maintenance practices, road design, and driving patterns.

The trend for Sweden’s environmental goals is in several cases negative, and one of the areas that shows an undesirable trend is the goal “A rich diversity of plant and animal life”. Sweden’s follow-up to the habitat and bird directive and the shows a continued vulnerable situation for biological diversity. But today it is difficult and costly to monitor the Swedish environmental quality targets are met. The collection of sound and image data already takes place on a large scale today, but there is a large and untapped potential to simplify environmental monitoring through new cheap data collection devices and above all through new automatic AI-based analysis systems. Manual sampling and data collection is time-consuming and costly, which makes autonomous audio and video data collection attractive, especially in inaccessible locations such as underwater. In several cases, the public could be enlisted to help detect invasive species using a cell phone application that uses artificial intelligence for species identification. This report reviews the state of the art in the use of sound and image data for noise monitoring and noise mapping, for species identification of animals and plants, and for invasive species monitoring. The report reviews current and emerging technologies and methods and assesses their maturity, availability and reliability.