By comparing two representative countries, Sweden and Germany, we study the impacts of different road freight transport policies. Sweden applies a time-based infrastructure charge, and has done so since the 1990ies. Germany has introduced distance-based charges and subsidized the purchase of low emission trucks. We find that the German road freight policy has resulted in substantially larger revenues and a cleaner truck fleet and mileage. Some support is found for that the German policy causes spill overs to the neighbouring countries as hauliers tend to use the cleanest trucks in countries with distance-based tolls. By comparing the actual composition of trucks using the Swedish network to a hypothetical case where the composition is the same as on the German toll roads, we estimate the environmental costs to be around (sic)39 million less per year in the latter case. This puts pressure on countries as Sweden to implement stronger policies.