The aim of this paper is to describe business practices of a freight forwarder when providing value to its stakeholders by offering transport fueled by biomethane. The paper is structured as such: overview of research design, literature overview, preliminary analysis, conclusions, and future research.

För att Sverige ska kunna nå målet om att bli ett av världens första fossilfria välfärdsländer krävs en omställning till ett fossilfritt transportsystem såväl som till en cirkulär ekonomi. Sjöfart har potential att matcha de behov som en ökad cirkulär ekonomi ställer och är ett energieffektivt trafikslag. Syftet med rapporten är att förstå hur sjöfart kan nyttjas i ökad utsträckning för att transportera cirkulära produkter och material och hur hamnen kan skapa mervärde i utveckling av cirkulära logistiklösningar. Metoderna som använts är: litteraturstudier, workshops och fallstudier. 

Rapporten identifierar cirkulära produkter och material med potential att lyfta sig i avfallstrappan och där det är lämpligt att nyttja sjöfart för transport i det cirkulära logistiksystemet. Det handlar om muddermassor, jordmassor, mineralavfall, träavfall, plastavfall, uttjänta däck, uttjänta textilier, sorterade och återvunna textilier, planglas, spillolja och flygaska. Hamnens roll vid hantering av cirkulära material studerades mer specifikt för massor, dissolvingmassa baserad på återvunna textilier, matrester och etanol. Det blev tydligt att hamnen kan skapa värde i form av lagring, konsolidering, lossning och lastning av containrar samt vara en logistiknod som erbjuder omlastningsmöjligheter mellan olika trafikslag. Hamnen känner till de lokala förutsättningarna för effektiva logistikupplägg och är en central kugge i nya aktörsnätverk. Rapporten redovisar även en beskrivning av två cirkulära logistiklösningar med involvering av sjöfart som utvecklats och utvärderats under projektet. Det handlar dels om en demonstration av en sjötransport med kalkstabiliserad lera, dels om framtagning av beslutsunderlag för investering av en tilltänkt sorteringsmaskin av planglas i vilket logistikupplägg från ett antal olika hamnar förslogs och miljöberäkningar genomfördes.

For Sweden to achieve the goal of becoming one of the world's first fossil-free welfare countries, a transition to a fossil-free transport system as well as to a circular economy is required. Shipping has the potential to match the needs of an increased circular economy and is an energy-efficient mode of transport. The purpose of the report is to understand how shipping can be used to a greater extent to transport circular products and materials and how the port can create value in the development of circular logistics solutions. The methods used are literature studies, workshops and case studies. 

The report identifies circular products and materials with the potential to move upwards in the waste hierarchy and where it is appropriate to use shipping for transport in the circular logistics system. These include dredged material, soil, mineral waste, wood waste, plastic waste, end-of-life tires, end[1]of-life textiles, sorted and recycled textiles, flat glass, waste oil and fly ash. The role of the port in managing circular materials was studied more specifically for aggregates, dissolving pulp based on recycled textiles, food waste and ethanol. It became clear that the port can create value in the form of storage, consolidation, stuffing and be a logistics node that offers transshipment opportunities between different modes of transport. The port knows the local conditions for efficient logistics arrangements and is central in new stakeholder networks. The report also presents a description of two circular logistics solutions involving shipping that were developed and evaluated during the project. One demonstration of a sea transport with clay. One conceptual evaluation of different logistics arrangement as support for an investment of a sorting machine of flat glass.

The textile industry is on its early steps towards circular economy. Being a highly resource-intensive and waste-generating industry, it is essential to embrace fiber-to-fiber recycling in addressing the increasing textile waste problem. Several innovative initiatives are happening within this area, not least in the Nordic countries, where automated sorting and fiber-to-fiber recycling technologies and capacities are developing. These large investments require economy of scale; however, this is challenged by the fractioned supply due to the specific fiber requirements of the recycling facilities. To ensure economy of scale and support strategic planning, it is important to investigate the balance of the demand of those capacities with the supply of recyclables generated in the region. Local and regional perspectives are needed in order to avoid unnecessary transportation of low value materials. Based on a synthetises of existing textile flow studies and interviews with relevant actors in four Nordic countries, this study investigates the balance between the supply of recyclable textiles and the sorting and recycling capacity. This is accomplished by estimating the volumes of recyclables and their fiber composition (based on developed weighting average method) and comparing these with the current and upcoming capacities in each country and in the Nordics as a whole. The findings indicate that the upcoming automatic sorting and recycling capacity will be sufficient to deal with the total recyclable fraction in the Nordic region, except for some of the synthetic fibers. However, there are imbalances between supply and demand within individual countries, highlighting opportunities for collaboration.

Implementation of fossil free fuels in the supply chain requires the involvement of multiple actors, each of which have different drivers and barriers undergoing the switch. The aim of this research is to begin to explore these drivers and barriers additionally how they relate to each other across the different actors.

A multiple case study was performed, interviewing multiple representatives from each actor. The drivers and barriers from the respective actors were compared across the actors in the network 

The study is ongoing however some findings may be suggested. Among others, some drivers and barriers identified were customer demands, available infrastructure, and financial costs. 

While there are multiple possible fossil-free fuels to be used in the future, this research looked deeper into the implantation of biomethane. Future research conducted could investigate the drivers and barriers of other fossil-free alternatives. 

Understanding the impact from drivers and barriers for each actor in the network during the initial implementation of a fossil free fuel will allow further organizations to properly prepare for the switch. 

Little research on fossil free fuel use has been completed from the perspective of certain actors, namely the haulier and forwarder. Studying these previously understated actors help in moving forward towards a more comprehensive understanding of the network. 

Det finns skäl att ifrågasätta tidigare forskningslitteratur när det gäller skattningar av hur mycket anlöpsoptimering kan bidra till energieffektivisering. Specifikt, potentialen av åtgärden Virtual Arrival (VA), det vill säga ett upplägg där fartyg skulle ha möjlighet att sänka sin hastighet i samband med anlöp till hamn i syfte att minska, eller helt eliminera väntetid för ankers. I den här studien söker vi skatta den maximala tekniska potentialen av VA för den svenska trampsjöfarten. Operativa, affärsmässiga, kontraktuella eller andra omständigheter kan leda till att delar av den tekniska potentialen inte kan betraktas som realiserbar. Vi söker också att skatta den realiserbara energieffektiviseringspotentialen av VA. 

Skattningen av den tekniska potentialen är baserad på empiriska data från 2019. För skattningen av den maximala tekniska potentialen har vi använt trafikdata från AIS-systemet, fartygsdata från IHS Markit, anlöpsdata från Sjöfartsverket och Eurostats avståndsmatris. Beräkningsmodellerna som underbygger skattningen är baserade på vedertagna modeller och de är kalibrerade med bättre underbyggda antaganden än i tidigare studier. Skattningen av den realiserbara potentialen är baserad på en Delphi-studie där experter från aktörsgrupperna redare, hamnar och skeppsmäklare har ingått. 

Resultaten visar att tidigare skattningar överskattar potentialen av anlöpsoptimering för energieffektivisering av den svenska trampsjöfarten. Den maximala tekniska potentialen är betydligt lägre än det tidigare funnits skäl att tro. Det beror på flera faktorer som att en relativ liten andel av anlöpen (ca 15 %) har väntetid för ankers och av dessa seglar en stor andel (ca 40 %) redan så långsamt att minskad seglingshastighet inte skulle leda till en minskning av drivmedelsförbrukningen. Dessutom har modellantaganden i tidigare studier haft en tendens att mekaniskt överskatta den tekniska potentialen. Delphi-studien visar att cirka en femtedel av den maximala tekniska potentialen kan betraktas som realiserbar i en svensk kontext.

There are reasons to question previous research literature regarding estimates of how much port call optimization can contribute to energy efficiency. Specifically, the potential of Virtual Arrival (VA), i.e., a system where ships would be able to reduce their speed in advance of a port call, in response to a known delay, in order to reduce or completely eliminate waiting time at anchor. In this study, we seek to estimate the maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential of VA for Swedish tramp shipping. Operational, business, contractual or other circumstances may lead to portions of the technical potential not being considered realizable. We also seek to estimate the realizable energy efficiency potential of VA. 

The estimate of the technical potential is based on empirical data from 2019. Traffic data from the AIS, ship data from IHS Markit, port call data from the Swedish Maritime Administration and Eurostat’s distance matrix for ports have been used for the estimate of the maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential. The calculation models that underpin the estimates are based on accepted models and are calibrated with better substantiated assumptions than in previous studies. The estimate of the realizable potential is based on a Delphi study in which experts from the stakeholder categories shipowners, ports and shipbrokers have been included. 

The results show that previous estimates overestimate the potential of VA for energy efficiency in the Swedish tramp shipping. The maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential is significantly lower than previously believed. This is due to several factors such as the fact that a relatively small percentage of the port calls (approx. 15%) have any waiting time at anchor at all and of these a large percentage (approx. 40%) are already sailing so slowly that reduced sailing speed would not lead to a reduction in fuel consumption. Also, model assumptions in previous studies have tended to mechanically overestimate the technical potential. The Delphi study shows that approx. one fifth of the maximum technically feasible energy efficiency potential can be considered realizable in a Swedish context.

E-handeln av dagligvaror innebär en ökad service och tillgänglighet för konsumenter men även utmaningar för företag som behöver anpassa sina logistiksystem till nya marknadsbehov. Framför allt är det den sista milen, det vill säga sträckan från att order plockas till att den levereras ut till konsument eller utlämningsställe, som påverkas av e-handeln. Dessa transporter är idag inte effektiva, varken från ett kostnadsperspektiv eller från perspektivet energieffektivitet. 

Syftet med förstudien ”Energieffektiv sista milen-distribution av dagligvaror genom nya samverkans[1]modeller” (ELLA) är att generera ny kunskap för utveckling av logistiklösningar som möjliggör för energieffektiva sista milen-transporter i olika kontexter. Metoder som använts är litteraturstudier, intervjustudier med nitton organisationer och företag inom dagligvaruhandeln samt en workshop med dagligvaruhandlare, boxleverantörer, transportörer och forskare. 

I rapporten identifieras nio logistiklösningar med stor potential för energieffektivisering som kategoriserades i tre huvudgrupper; 1) transporter (dvs. hur transporten organiseras), 2) utlämning (dvs. hur utlämningen sker), och 3) fordon (dvs. vilket fordon som används vid leveransen). 

Logistiklösningarna som betraktas mer i detalj är; samlastning, mikroterminaler, justeringar av servicenivåer, standardiserade förpackningar, utlämningsställe vid högtrafikerade platser, lastcykel, ellastbil och ”glassbil”. De nio logistiklösningarna har utvärderats med hjälp av olika mått på energieffektivitet såsom lastkapacitet, fyllnadsgrad, km/stopp, stopp/rutt och CO2 utsläpp. Logistiklösningarna har även analyseras utifrån vilka kontexter som de är lämpliga att använda i och vilka aktörer som behövs för att implementera lösningen.

E-commerce of groceries brings increased service and availability for consumers, but also challenges for companies that need to adapt their logistics systems to new market needs. Above all, it is the last mile, i.e., the distance from the time orders are picked until they are delivered to the consumer or delivery point, that is affected by increasing e-commerce. Today, these transports are not efficient, neither from a cost perspective nor from an energy-efficiency perspective. 

The purpose of the feasibility study “Energy-efficient last-mile distribution of groceries through new collaboration models” (ELLA) is to generate new knowledge for the development of logistics solutions that enable energy-efficient last-mile transports in different contexts. Methods used are literature studies, interview studies with nineteen organizations and companies in the grocery sector as well as a workshop with grocery retailers, box suppliers, transporters and researchers. 

The report identifies nine logistics solutions with great energy-efficiency potential that were categorized into three main groups; 1) transport (i.e. how the transport is organized), 2) delivery (i.e. how the delivery takes place), and 3) vehicle (i.e. which vehicle is used in the delivery). 

The logistics solutions that are viewed in more detail are: Groupage, micro-terminals, service level adjustments, standardized packaging, delivery point at high-traffic locations, cargo bike, electric truck and “ice cream” truck. The nine logistics solutions have been evaluated using various measures of energy efficiency such as load capacity, degree of filling, km/stop, stop/route and CO2 emissions. The logistics solutions have also been analyzed based on which contexts they are suitable to use in and which actors are needed to implement the solution. 

Byggtransporter står för en betydande andel av CO2-utsläppen i byggprojekt (ca 10%) och en bättre logistik leder till lägre utsläpp, mindre trängseleffekter och lägre kostnader. Projektet Fossilfri Bygglogistik, finansierat av Trafikverket genom Triple F, har 2019-2021 studerat potentialen i att minska utsläppen från byggtransporter med förbättrad logistik baserat på ett systemsynsätt. Projektet har utgått från tre frågeställningar: (i) Vad är potentialerna med samordnad bygglogistik och vad krävs för att hämta hem dessa? (ii) Vilka metoder/lösningar är användbara för att nå målet om fossilfrihet? (iii) Vad är rollfördelningen mellan aktörer. som är delaktiga i ett bygglogistiksystem, och behöver den förändras för att uppnå fossilfrihet; Transportation accounts for about 10% CO2-emissions caused by construction projects and improved logistics leads to lower emissions, less congestion and lower costs. The project Fossil Free Construction Logistics, financed by the Swedish Traffic Administration through Triple F, has between 2019 and 2021 studied the potential of reducing the emissions from construction transports, through improved logistics, based on a systems view. The project has worked with three main questions: (i) What are the potentials of coordinated construction logistics? (ii) What methods and solutions are suitable to reach the goal of fossil free construction logistics? (iii) What actors are part of the construction logistics system and what can these do to decrease the emissons from construction logistics?

Construction transport, in general, is not carried out efficiently, resulting in unnecessary costs and CO2 emissions. Although it has been found that there is a great potential to improve construction transport, little research has been conducted within this field. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the construction transport time efficiency by identifying non-value-adding activities and their causes from a freight forwarder perspective. A single case study was conducted and two flows, a goods delivery flow and a waste material flow, were mapped and analyzed with the help of value stream mapping (VSM). We ran two workshops to discuss the findings of the VSM. The results from this study show that there is large potential for improving construction transport time efficiency as over 40% of the time was used for non-value-adding activities. Although transport suffers from similar non-value-adding activities undertaken in other industries, this study identifies the transport activities with respect to construction transport. The findings further highlight areas of potential improvements, such as improved information sharing, planning, and coordination among all stakeholders. This knowledge can be used by the freight forwarder and the main contractor to improve construction transport time efficiency. The limitation of this study is that it is based on a single case of a freight forwarder. It does not provide a full picture of construction transport efficiency but rather a starting point for future studies.

The SATIN project focuses on increasing circularity of EOL textile in the Nordic region and has a strong focus on supply chain management (SCM). SCM relates to balancing the supply and demand of materials to achieve efficiency in the material flow of EOL textiles and related information, and monetary flows as well as collaboration between actors in the EOL textile value chain. The purpose of the SATIN project is to develop and test solutions that can address the EOL textile collection and sorting challenges by taking a SCM perspective. 

In the project we have 1) Mapped and identified challenges and opportunities in the current system by interviewing main actors in the value chain of EOL textiles in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland, 2) Analyzed nine pilot studies of different collection methods, 3) Estimated volumes of recyclable textiles and their fiber composition and compared this supply with the current and upcoming sorting and recycling capacity (demand) in each country and in the whole Nordic area. 

Our results show there are large similarities between the actors in the Nordic countries when it comes to challenges and opportunities in the value chain of EOL textiles. Main challenges can be connected to lack of scale, low profit, no demand, and lack of data whereas opportunities are seen in collaboration, centralization and understanding/finding a market for EOL textiles. Connected to collection methods it was found that it is difficult to compare different methods because there are so many factors at play. However, it became clear that regardless of the collection method, the role of the consumer is very important in scaling up collection.  Connected to recyclables our results show that the upcoming automatic sorting and recycling capacity in the Nordic region will be sufficient to deal with the total recyclable fraction, except for some of the synthetic fibers. However, there are imbalances within each country raising a need for collaboration among countries.

En välutvecklad hamninfrastruktur är en förutsättning för svenskt näringsliv såväl som för ett hållbart transportsystem. Det saknas likafullt kunskap om hur dagens hamninfrastruktur tillfredsställer samhällets behov nu och i framtiden. Med detta som bakgrund kartläggs i denna förstudie olika intressenters behov och önskemål. Vidare analyseras trender och framtida transportefterfrågan i termer av hur dessa kan komma att påverka Sveriges hamnar. Mer specifikt har tjugofyra intervjuer med hamnar, varuägare, rederier, speditörer, terminaloperatörer, hamnnära myndigheter samt regioner och kommuner genomförts. Vi har också gjort en genomgång av orsaken till den starka godsutvecklingen för sjöfart i Trafikverkets prognoser över godsvolymer år 2040 genom att titta på nedbrutna utdata och se hur dessa fördelar sig på olika varugrupper och hamnar.

A well-developed port infrastructure is a prerequisite for Swedish industry as well as for a sustainable transport system. Despite this, the knowledge of how the port infrastructure satisfies society's needs today, and in the future, is underdeveloped. In this pre-study the needs of various stakeholders are mapped, and trends and future transport demand are analyzed in terms of how they may affect Sweden's ports. More specifically, twenty-four interviews have been conducted with ports, manufacturing companies, shipping companies, freight forwarders, terminal operators, port authorities, and municipalities. We have also reviewed the reason for the strong freight development for shipping in the Swedish Transport Administration's forecasts of freight volumes in 2040 by looking at output data to see how these are distributed among different product groups and ports.