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Thorslund, B., Thellman, S., Nyberg, V. & Selander, H. (2024). Simulator-based driving test prescreening as a complement to driver testing: Toward safer and more risk-aware drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 194, Article ID 107335.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simulator-based driving test prescreening as a complement to driver testing: Toward safer and more risk-aware drivers
2024 (English)In: Accident Analysis and Prevention, ISSN 0001-4575, E-ISSN 1879-2057, Vol. 194, article id 107335Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Young people represent a high-risk group of drivers and the prevalence of road traffic crashes among young drivers is high. Thus, to increase traffic safety, it is essential to ensure that new drivers are both sufficiently educated in and assessed for risk awareness. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility and potential benefit of using a driving simulator screening test as a complement to the existing on-road driving test. The main idea is to detect drivers who are not ready to proceed to the driving test. A comparative study was performed with participants who passed and failed a simulator test and an on-road driving test, respectively. A comparison between subjective and objective measures of performance and risk was also included. A driving simulator was placed at a traffic school and customers were recruited as participants. In total, 70 participants took part in the study and the simulated drive consisted of rural roads, urban traffic, and motorways with 16 different scenarios, constructed from the second level of the GDE matrix, to examine driving behavior, attention, and risk perception. The results show that with a screening test in a driving simulator, it is possible to detect drivers who consider themselves ready to take a driving test, but who have not yet reached the level of risk awareness required to be a safe driver. Test scenarios should be suited to detect deficiencies in risk awareness, test different levels of the GDE matrix and, to complement the driving test, be difficult to assess in an on-road driving test. Deficiencies in self-evaluation that are well-known among young drivers are again confirmed. To practice self-evaluation, the driving simulator is suggested as a pedagogical tool, linked to the GDE matrix.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20008 (URN)10.1016/j.aap.2023.107335 (DOI)001093254500001 ()2-s2.0-85174850474 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, 2022/31998
Available from: 2023-11-16 Created: 2023-11-16 Last updated: 2024-02-19Bibliographically approved
Olsson, N., Lidestam, B. & Thorslund, B. (2023). Effect of Train-Driving Simulator Practice in the European Rail Traffic Management System: An Experimental Study. Transportation Research Record, 2677(5), 694-706
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of Train-Driving Simulator Practice in the European Rail Traffic Management System: An Experimental Study
2023 (English)In: Transportation Research Record, ISSN 0361-1981, E-ISSN 2169-4052, Vol. 2677, no 5, p. 694-706Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Many European train drivers face major changes in their work with the introduction of the new train-protection system, the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), as information retrieval shifts from outside to in-cab, and a new rulebook is introduced. Therefore, many train drivers have to be educated in a short time, to make the transition safe and efficient. The purpose was to find out how a successful ERTMS practice can be designed in a physically low-fidelity but highly functional train-driving simulator. An experimental design was used, with 16 drivers divided into two groups: one group practiced in a simulator, and the other in reality. Standard training methodology was used, and the learning outcome was assessed by both measuring driving errors and via instructor evaluation of a simulator test. The drivers also filled in a questionnaire to capture how different factors, such as repeated practice, experience, and self-estimated confidence, correlate with performance. Results show that the simulator group committed significantly fewer driving errors and received significantly higher scores from the instructor. In addition, the simulator group's better performance is mostly caused by the possibility of repeated training of different special cases. The findings also imply that several of the more common special cases on the ERTMS can hardly be provoked in real train driving. Furthermore, this work strengthens the theory that novices can hardly estimate their own ability. Therefore, we argue that this type of low-fidelity simulator is well suited for research purposes, for practicing special cases, and for train operation companies to assess drivers' skills.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2023
Keywords
human factors, passenger rail transportation, rail, rail safety, railroad simulators, train
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19500 (URN)10.1177/03611981221135802 (DOI)000910538500001 ()2-s2.0-85163062053 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-02-17 Created: 2023-02-17 Last updated: 2024-01-16Bibliographically approved
Thorslund, B. & Selander, H. (2023). Simulator som komplement till förarprovet: en väg mot mer trafiksäkra och riskmedvetna förare. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simulator som komplement till förarprovet: en väg mot mer trafiksäkra och riskmedvetna förare
2023 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Simulator as a complement to the driving test : towards safer and more risk-aware drivers
Abstract [sv]

Unga förare (18–24 år) med relativt nytaget körkort är överrepresenterade både i olycksstatistiken och när det gäller återkallade körkort. Återkallelserna har ökat med över 27 % de senaste fem åren, och trots att unga män bara utgör ca 7 % av alla körkortsinnehavare, utgjorde gruppen 15 % av antalet återkallade körkort. 

Från Trafikverkets sida är det långsiktiga målet ökad trafiksäkerhet och ett steg i den riktningen är att öka möjligheten att säkerställa att nya förare har både rätt kunskap och den självinsikt som krävs. Syftet med projektet var att undersöka möjligheten att med en körsimulator upptäcka förare som anser sig redo att genomföra ett förarprov, men som inte har uppnått den riskmedvetenhet som krävs för att vara en säker förare. 

För att möjliggöra mätning av körprestation och riskmedvetenhet i moment som normalt är svåra att testa vid ett förarprov utvecklades ett screeningtest för genomförande i simulatormiljö. Den ca 30 minuter långa simulatorkörningen bestod av landsväg, stadstrafik och motorväg. Totalt 16 händelser ingick i screeningen och samtliga var av en sådan karaktär att ett underkännande på en enda av dem resulterade i underkänt screeningtest. Syftet med simulatorscreeningen var att komplettera förarprovet och inte att förutsäga resultatet på detta. Screeningen och förarprovet är två olika test som mäter olika saker. Totalt deltog 70 körkortsaspiranter i studien. Samtliga hade utbildats på samma trafikskola i Linköping och genomförde screeningtestet några dagar före sitt förarprov. Resultatet blev endast tillgängligt för forskargruppen och därmed varken för deltagarna, deras utbildare eller förarprövarna. 

Resultaten visar att många förare som fick underkänt i screeningstestet på grund av för riskfyllt beteende blev godkända i det praktiska förarprovet. Detta betyder att ett screeningtest kan användas som ett komplement före förarprovet för att upptäcka körkortstagare som inte är redo att vara självständiga förare ännu. Det finns också en tämligen stor grupp som blev godkända på screeningtestet, men ändå underkändes på förarprovet. Båda dessa grupper är av speciellt intresse för fortsatt forskning.

Abstract [en]

Young drivers (18–24 years) with relatively new driving licenses are overrepresented both in the accident statistics and in terms of revoked driving licences. Revocations have increased by over 27% in the last five years and even though young men only make up about 7% of all driving license holders, the group made up 15% of the number of revoked driving licenses. 

The purpose of the project was to investigate the possibility of using a driving simulator to detect drivers who consider themselves ready to take a driving test, but who do not hold the risk awareness required to be a safe driver. From the Swedish Transport Administration's side, the long-term goal is increased traffic safety, and a step in that direction is to increase the ability to ensure that new drivers have both the right knowledge and the self-awareness required. 

To enable the measurement of driving performance and risk awareness in situations that are normally difficult to assess in a driving test, a screening test was developed for implementation in a simulator environment. The approximately 30-minute-long simulator drive consisted of country roads, city traffic and motorways. A total of 16 events were included in the screening and all were of such nature that failure on one of them resulted in a failed screening test. The purpose of the simulator screening is to supplement the driving test and not to predict the result of this. The screening and the driving test are two different tests that measure different things. A total of 70 driving license aspirants participated in the study. All had been trained at the same traffic school in Linköping and completed the screening test a few days before their driving test. The results were only available to the research team and thus not to the participants, their educators, or the inspectors. 

The results show that many drivers who fail the screening test due to too risky behavior pass the driving test. This means that a screening test can be used as a supplement before the driving test, to detect drivers who are not yet ready to be independent drivers. There is also a fairly large group who pass the screening test, but still fail the driving test. Both of these groups are of particular interest for further research.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2023. p. 65
Series
VTI PM ; 2023:2
National Category
Pedagogical Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19558 (URN)
Available from: 2023-02-17 Created: 2023-02-17 Last updated: 2023-06-02Bibliographically approved
Fredin-Knutzén, J., Olsson, N., Rosberg, T., Thorslund, B. & Lidestam, B. (2023). Train drivers' work-related stress and job satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65(9), 775-782
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Train drivers' work-related stress and job satisfaction
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, ISSN 1076-2752, E-ISSN 1536-5948, Vol. 65, no 9, p. 775-782Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: This study investigated which work-related stressors are rated highest by train drivers and which are strongest correlated with consideration to change profession.

Methods: In a questionnaire, a total of 251 Swedish train drivers rated 17 work-related stressors, to which extent they had considered quitting their profession, and if they had experienced a PUT (person under train) accident.

Results: PUTs (when experienced) and irregular work hours are the main stressors, but the strongest predictors of consideration to change profession are those that are encountered often, and last over time (eg, irregular work hours, r = 0.61, and major organizational changes, r = 0.51).

Conclusions: For effective reduction of stress and improved job satisfaction, focus should be on aspects that affect everyday life for drivers, such as better working shifts, less delays, and improved social climate.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023
National Category
Applied Psychology Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19891 (URN)10.1097/JOM.0000000000002903 (DOI)001060016600015 ()37311076 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85169505012 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-09-11 Created: 2023-09-11 Last updated: 2023-10-10Bibliographically approved
Andersson, A., Blissing, B., Carlsson, H., Erlingsson, S., Hellman, F., Hjort, M., . . . Thorslund, B. (2022). Designguide för Smarta gator. KTH, Chalmers, VTI, Spacescape, Sweco & White Arkitekter
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Designguide för Smarta gator
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2022 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Sammanfattningsvis definierar vi i denna guide ’smarta gator’ kort sagt som mångfunktionella, levande, långsamma, ekologiska och flexibla gator. Det övergripande målet med denna guide är följaktligen ”Smarta gator för en hållbar stadsutveckling”.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH, Chalmers, VTI, Spacescape, Sweco & White Arkitekter, 2022. p. 245
Series
TRITA-ABE-RPT ; 2211
National Category
Architectural Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19080 (URN)978-91-8040-257-6 (ISBN)
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2022-10-14 Created: 2022-10-14 Last updated: 2023-09-20Bibliographically approved
Thorslund, B. & Gällman, K. (2022). Järnvägens HUS förstudie: sammankoppling av simulatorer för järnväg. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Järnvägens HUS förstudie: sammankoppling av simulatorer för järnväg
2022 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
The house of railways : a prestudy
Abstract [sv]

Syftet med den här förstudien var att undersöka förutsättningar, behov och nyttor då olika simulatormiljöer för järnväg integreras för att skapa en helhet. HUS står för Helhet i Utvecklad Simulatormiljö, men syftar samtidigt till en fysisk miljö inrymd i Trafikverksskolan i Ängelholm. Målet för förstudien var att skapa förutsättningar för samt initiera en plattform där olika simuleringsverktyg, nödvändiga för testning, träning och forskning relaterad till järnvägstrafik, kan användas både var för sig eller kopplas samman. Ett första steg är att koppla samman två olika simulatorsystem för att kunna demonstrera idén. 

Projektet är ett uppdrag där Trafikverket och specifikt Trafikverksskolan har anlitat VTI. Metoderna som har använts är fokusgrupper med olika behovsägare samt mjukvaruutveckling tillsammans med systemexperter från Trafikverket. 

Resultaten visar ett stort behov av hopkopplade simulerade miljöer för träning, utbildning och forskning inom järnvägsområdet. Många roller har behov av att träna tillsammans i säkra och kontrollerbara miljöer för att bättre förstå varandras arbetssituation. Forskare behöver också repeterbara, kontrollerbara och säkra miljöer som inte är säkerhetsklassade. En första simulerad hopkoppling av VTI:s tågsimulator och Trafikverkets Järnvägssimulator har genomförts för att demonstrera möjligheterna och nyttan med att integrera miljöerna. Utmaningarna ligger främst i att hantera säkerhetsfrågor och skapa en samverkansform med den kommersiella tillverkaren av Järnvägssimulatorn.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2022. p. 27
Series
VTI PM ; 2022:6
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18783 (URN)
Available from: 2022-06-21 Created: 2022-06-21 Last updated: 2022-10-25Bibliographically approved
Thorslund, B., Rosberg, T. & Norberg, A. (2022). Kapacitet, körbarhet och arbetsbelastning (KAKA): Slutrapport. Trafikverket
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kapacitet, körbarhet och arbetsbelastning (KAKA): Slutrapport
2022 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Syftet med projektet var att öka kunskapen om sambandet mellan kapacitet, körbarhet och arbetsbelastning. Ett ”körbarhetsfilter” har implementerats för ERTMS, för att ge ökad kunskap om vad föraren tycker är en acceptabel hastighetsprofil, hur ofta förändringar i hastighet får ske osv. En jämförelse har också gjorts mellan ERTMS och ATC när det gäller arbetsbelastning och uppmärksamhetskrav. Arbete med att anpassa MiRA-teorin för tillämpning på järnvägssituationenhar genomförts. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Trafikverket, 2022. p. 4
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20161 (URN)
Projects
Kapacitet, körbarhet och arbetsbelastning (KAKA)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2020/72751
Available from: 2024-01-25 Created: 2024-01-25 Last updated: 2024-01-29Bibliographically approved
Rosberg, T. & Thorslund, B. (2022). Radio communication-based method for analysis of train driving in an ERTMS signaling environment. European Transport Research Review, 14(1), Article ID 18.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Radio communication-based method for analysis of train driving in an ERTMS signaling environment
2022 (English)In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 14, no 1, article id 18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background ERTMS is an important project improving cross-border interoperability throughout Europe by a single rail signaling standard. One advantage following this development is a standardized radio signaling, which can be tracked by logging the data transfer using the ETCS protocol between Radio Block Center and train. This means that a broad spectrum of train driving can be analyzed in terms of for example driving behavior, signal planning and capacity in a new efficient way. Methods In this paper a radio-based protocol method to achieve this, is presented and applied for studying braking characteristics in terms of meeting point design. The aim was to design, apply and validate a radio-based train data collection method to enable cost-efficient and avoid time-consuming train data collections. To enable comparison between the results from the suggested radio-based method and traditional methods, a verification measurement was performed. Three different alternatives of speed calculation were validated. These were based on: Train Position Report speed; calculation of average speed based on reported train position; processed reported train position forming the average speed. The best alternative was then applied to examine deceleration towards different signal targets at single-track meeting points. Results The results from this study suggest that the ETCS Level 2 protocol is a feasible way to collect train dynamics data. The method is time saving when it comes to train driver behavior studies where several trains and drivers are needed to get significant results. Comparison with traditional GPS method suggest that the method is valid. Most promising is the alternative using processed train position.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPRINGER, 2022
Keywords
ERTMS, ETCS, Signaling, Radio-based, Train dynamics, Braking characteristics
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18719 (URN)10.1186/s12544-022-00542-5 (DOI)000796504800001 ()
Available from: 2022-05-30 Created: 2022-05-30 Last updated: 2022-12-02Bibliographically approved
Kircher, K., Rosberg, T., Thorslund, B., Ahlström, C., Prytz, E., Bernheim, L., . . . Moertl, P. (2022). Train driver attention is influenced by the type of railway signalling system. In: DDI 2022 Gothenburg: Abstract book. Paper presented at The 8th international conference on driver distraction and inattention. Lindholmen Conference Centre & online October 19–20, 2022 (pp. 50-52). Göteborg: Safer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Train driver attention is influenced by the type of railway signalling system
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2022 (English)In: DDI 2022 Gothenburg: Abstract book, Göteborg: Safer , 2022, p. 50-52Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) will replace national standards with the aim to promote cross-border traffic and enhance efficiency. The transition involves a shift from lineside signalling to mostly in- cabin information via a Driver Machine Interface (DMI). Previous research indicates that this may lead to a decrease in driver attention to the outside world and to a decrease in workload, leading to boredom. Using a train simulator, 41 participants drove the same track with the ERTMS system and the Swedish national standard (ATC) while wearing eye- tracking equipment. Subjective workload and boredom assessments were made after each drive. An analysis of the first set of reduced data (15 participants) showed that the formal attentional requirements like the monitoring of speed changes and signals were fulfilled in almost all cases, regardless of system. Overall, however, the data indicate that in line with previous research the drivers focus their attention more to the inside of the train when using the ERTMS system. This is corroborated by the finding that horn blowing is slightly delayed with the ERTMS system. Perceived workload was generally low, with the ERTMS system experienced to be more boring. We draw the preliminary conclusion that while formal attentional requirements are fulfilled for both systems, the ERTMS system likely has a tendency to pull the drivers’ overall attention inwards. Given that for the ERTMS system most relevant information is presented inside of the train on the DMI, this is not surprising, but needs to be addressed by the authorities.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Göteborg: Safer, 2022
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19339 (URN)
Conference
The 8th international conference on driver distraction and inattention. Lindholmen Conference Centre & online October 19–20, 2022
Available from: 2023-01-11 Created: 2023-01-11 Last updated: 2023-01-11Bibliographically approved
Kabashkin, I., Grakovskis, A., Segercrantz, W., Lend, E., Kallas, O., Karasmaa, N., . . . Olsson, N. (2021). DIGILOG Project: Digitally Supported and Virtual Study Practices for Modern Logistic Systems. In: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems: . Paper presented at 20th International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication, RelStat 2020, 14 October 2020 - 17 October 2020 (pp. 771-781). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Open this publication in new window or tab >>DIGILOG Project: Digitally Supported and Virtual Study Practices for Modern Logistic Systems
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2021 (English)In: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH , 2021, p. 771-781Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Digitalization of Transport and Logistics (T&L) is one of the key pillars of the European Digital Single Market strategy. Creation of the Single European Transport Area, from one hand, and development of Common European Education Area, from another hand, are the basis for DIGILOG (Digitally supported and virtual study practices for modern logistic systems) project supported by Erasmus+ programme. The DIGILOG project aims to foster interchange and cooperation between education and training systems within the frame of digitalisation of T&L under new strategy of European Union - Single European Transport Area. The partners of project are TTK University of Applied Sciences (Estonia), Häme University of Applied Sciences (Finland), Transport and Telecommunication Institute (Latvia), The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (Sweden). The main intellectual outputs of the project are described in the paper: (1) Virtual and open cross-study curricula for digital environment of transport and logistics systems based on Carpe Diem learning design process; (2) E-learning game-based technology for training and education of transport and logistics specialists; (3) Video exercises for study of train traffic and safety management issues using simulation tools. Main tasks, main area of activities and the main priorities of the planned study module are described in the paper. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-16400 (URN)10.1007/978-3-030-68476-1_71 (DOI)2-s2.0-85102493738 (Scopus ID)9783030684754 (ISBN)
Conference
20th International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication, RelStat 2020, 14 October 2020 - 17 October 2020
Available from: 2021-06-07 Created: 2021-06-07 Last updated: 2022-10-12Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-3939-062x

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