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Yun, D., Tang, C., Sandberg, U., Ran, M., Zhou, X., Gao, J. & Hu, L. (2024). A New Approach for Determining Rubber Enveloping on Pavement and Its Implications for Friction Estimation. Coatings, 14(3), Article ID 301.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A New Approach for Determining Rubber Enveloping on Pavement and Its Implications for Friction Estimation
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2024 (English)In: Coatings, ISSN 2079-6412, Vol. 14, no 3, article id 301Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The depth to which the pavement texture is enveloped by the tire tread rubber (d) is an important parameter related to contact performance. This study presents a new method (S-BAC), which relies on the ratio between the real contact area and the nominal tire-pavement contact area (S) and the bearing area curve (BAC), to measure the depth on pavements. The tire-pavement contact was simulated by contact between a non-patterned rubber block and pavement specimens. After analyzing the affecting factors, the new method was compared with previous methods by the d values and the application on the relationship between pavement texture parameters and friction. The results reveal that though there is a linear regression between the d obtained with the S-BAC and previous methods, the d values obtained with different methods differ. Applying the S-BAC method can strengthen the relationship between texture parameters and friction more than other methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024
Keywords
pavement texture, enveloping, rubber penetration depth, contact area, bearing area curve, friction coefficient
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20372 (URN)10.3390/coatings14030301 (DOI)
Note

Research funding provided by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD, grant number 300102213512; National Natural Science Foundation of China, China, grant number 52172392, 52268068; Key research and development Project of Hubei Province, China, grant number 2021BAA180.

Available from: 2024-02-29 Created: 2024-02-29 Last updated: 2024-02-29Bibliographically approved
Sandberg, U. (2023). Double-layer porous asphalt: Performance of innovative noise-reducing variants. In: XXVIIth World Road Congress. Proceedings of the Congress: . Paper presented at XXVIIth World Road Congress. Prague, Czech Republic, 2 to 6 October 2023 (pp. 1-16). PIARC
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Double-layer porous asphalt: Performance of innovative noise-reducing variants
2023 (English)In: XXVIIth World Road Congress. Proceedings of the Congress, PIARC , 2023, p. 1-16Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Since 2010 double-layer porous asphalt (DPA) pavements have been used on motorway E4 through the Swedish city Huskvarna. The pavement has been a great success despite the challenge to use porous pavements in a country where studded tyres are used in wintertime, resulting in excessive surface wear and subsequent clogging of pores. In this paper, seven interesting trials on this road related to the noise reduction of the pavement are reported:

1. Paving DPA hot-on-hot: Commonly, when paving DPA, it is considered necessary to do this “hot-on-hot” which means that the top layer must be applied while the bottom layer is still hot. This project has shown that it works fine to pave the two layers in two different days.

2. Rejuvenating the surface may almost totally clog the pores in the top layer. In an attempt to extend the technical lifetime, the slow lane was rejuvenated by application of a Fog Seal. This filled the remaining porosity which resulted in a great loss of noise reduction.

3. The effect of the bottom layer is analysed in relation to the top layer. One part of the section had a single-layer PA, the performance of which could be compared to another section where the same PA layer had been laid on a bottom layer, thus creating a DPA. It appeared that 2/3 of the noise reduction is due to the bottom layer of the DPA.

4. Reusing the bottom layer: On one part of the new pavement laid in 2017, only the top layer of the old DPA section was milled-off and then repaved with a new top layer, while the bottom layer was reused. The noise reduction which is lost by reusing the old bottom layer is only around 1 dB (of the initial 7-8 dB), or 0.5 dB as an average.

5. Steel slag has been used instead of stone aggregate in the top layer in one trial. The performance of this trial is analysed in comparison to the conventional aggregate.

6. Grinding off the peaks in the surface has a favourable effect on both noise reduction and rolling resistance. This is a way to produce an “extra negative texture”.

7. End-of-life noise reduction: After a few years, the top layer is clogged; yet, the pavement provides a considerable noise reduction. Surprisingly, 1-3 dB of noise reduction remains even when there is full clogging. Reasons for this are discussed. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
PIARC, 2023
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20390 (URN)
Conference
XXVIIth World Road Congress. Prague, Czech Republic, 2 to 6 October 2023
Available from: 2024-03-11 Created: 2024-03-11 Last updated: 2024-03-11Bibliographically approved
Sandberg, U. (2023). Effect on noise reduction of repaving only the top layer in a double-layer porous asphalt pavement. In: Maurizio Crispino & Emanuele Toraldo (Ed.), Roads and Airports Pavement Surface Characteristics: Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics (SURF 2022). Paper presented at 9th International Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics, SURF 2022, 12 – 14 September 2022, Milan, Italy. London: CRC Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect on noise reduction of repaving only the top layer in a double-layer porous asphalt pavement
2023 (English)In: Roads and Airports Pavement Surface Characteristics: Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics (SURF 2022) / [ed] Maurizio Crispino & Emanuele Toraldo, London: CRC Press, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Since 2010 a double-layer porous asphalt pavement has been used on motorway E4 through the Swedish city Huskvarna. The pavement has been a great success despite the challenge to use this kind of pavement in a country where studded tyres are the main tyres used in wintertime, resulting in excessive surface wear and subsequent clogging of pores. After 7 years the pavement had lost half of its initial 7.5 dB noise reduction and was therefore repaved. Then the top layer of the major part of the 2.7 km long section was milled-off and then repaved only with a new top layer, while the bottom layer was reused. Normally, both layers would be repaved, but in this case only a few hundred meters were repaved fully, which makes it possible to compare the two principles (repaving both layers or only the top layer). Reusing the bottom layer in this way of course saves money, but the question is how effective this pavement will be when the bottom layer already was partly clogged in its first 7 years of service. A question is also whether the connection between the old and new layer could be durable enough without the creation of a partly dense binder between the new top and the old bottom. Now this new pavement section has been in service more than halfway towards its expected end-of-life. Consequently, it is possible to start evaluating how well the new paving principle has worked out. The results so far indicate that the noise reduction which is lost by reusing the old bottom layer is less than 1 dB (of the initial 7-8 dB) over at least the first four years of operation, which may be seen as a reasonable sacrifice for saving a major part of the repaving cost. There has been no problem with separation between the two layers. However, it is unlikely that the bottom layer will be useful for another cycle of operation. Nevertheless, the principle of reusing the bottom layer (each second cycle) may make the use of double-layer porous asphalt more attractive from a cost-benefit point of view.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
London: CRC Press, 2023
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19736 (URN)10.1201/9781003429258-63 (DOI)2-s2.0-85185563461 (Scopus ID)9781003429258 (ISBN)
Conference
9th International Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics, SURF 2022, 12 – 14 September 2022, Milan, Italy
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2023-05-25 Created: 2023-05-25 Last updated: 2024-03-04Bibliographically approved
Sandberg, U. (2023). Improving the EU Tire Noise Label. In: : . Paper presented at Tire technology expo 2023, held in Hannover, Germany, March 19-21, 2023.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improving the EU Tire Noise Label
2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Other academic)
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19650 (URN)
Conference
Tire technology expo 2023, held in Hannover, Germany, March 19-21, 2023
Available from: 2023-04-25 Created: 2023-04-25 Last updated: 2023-08-03Bibliographically approved
Lundberg, T., Sandberg, U., Goubert, L., Schwanen, W. & Rasmussen, R. (2023). Reference calculations and implementation of mean profile depth. In: Maurizio Crispino & Emanuele Toraldo (Ed.), Roads and Airports Pavement Surface Characteristics: Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics (SURF 2022). Paper presented at 9th International Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics, SURF 2022, 12 – 14 September 2022, Milan, Italy. London: CRC Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reference calculations and implementation of mean profile depth
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2023 (English)In: Roads and Airports Pavement Surface Characteristics: Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics (SURF 2022) / [ed] Maurizio Crispino & Emanuele Toraldo, London: CRC Press, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

ISO/TC 43/SC 1/WG 39 is a working group under the Acoustics/Noise committee working with standardization of the subject, “Measurement of pavement surface texture using a profiling method”. The standardization is focusing on road surface properties in the texture range, i.e., wavelengths under 500 mm. Currently, the main topic is to characterize road surface texture by use of surface profiles and providing standardized measures to be used for noise and road condition investigations. One of the standards developed by WG 39 is ISO 13473-1, Characterization of pavement texture by use of surface profiles — Part 1: Determination of mean profile depth (MPD) (International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2019). The standard was revised 2019 and a correction was published in June 2021.

WG 39 has proposed an unofficial procedure to make a common interpretation of the standard to help researchers, system providers and developers of macrotexture calculations with a “reference” program code. Four members of WG 39 made calculations of MPD from eight digital reference raw texture profiles. During the work some ambiguities were detected in the standard that led to the corrected version in June 2021. The main reasons for the correction are related to how to process dropouts and some filtering details. It was decided how to address the ambiguities before the work was finalized. The calculations of the four members organizations of WG 39 provided their interpretation of the calculations and the results were compared. The comparison between calculated MPD values from the reference profiles shows very good results with only small differences that can be explained. To spread the work done by WG 39, the reference data, reference program code and the calculated MPD values are publicly available via https://www.erpug.org/ (European Road Profile Users’ Group). This work shows the importance of making a reference implementation of a standard when the standard is under development to ensure avoiding parts which can be interpreted in different ways.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
London: CRC Press, 2023
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19735 (URN)10.1201/9781003429258-31 (DOI)2-s2.0-85185564077 (Scopus ID)9781003429258 (ISBN)
Conference
9th International Symposium on Pavement Surface Characteristics, SURF 2022, 12 – 14 September 2022, Milan, Italy
Available from: 2023-05-25 Created: 2023-05-25 Last updated: 2024-03-04Bibliographically approved
Sandberg, U. (2022). Airless tires: concepts, trials and potential performance. In: : . Paper presented at Tire Technology Expo. Held in Hanover, Germany, May 18-20 2022. Tire Technology International
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Airless tires: concepts, trials and potential performance
2022 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Tire Technology International, 2022
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19495 (URN)
Conference
Tire Technology Expo. Held in Hanover, Germany, May 18-20 2022
Available from: 2023-01-31 Created: 2023-01-31 Last updated: 2023-08-03Bibliographically approved
Schlatter, F., Sandberg, U., Bühlmann, E., Berge, T. & Goubert, L. (2022). Project STEER: Improving the EU Tyre Noise Label. In: : . Paper presented at Internoise 2022, 21-24 August, 2022. Glasgow, Scotland (pp. 12).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Project STEER: Improving the EU Tyre Noise Label
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2022 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Tyre/road noise is the dominant component of overall vehicle noise at medium and high speeds and for cars even at relatively low speeds. Consequently, road traffic noise can be reduced with the proliferation of quieter tyres. One way to achieve this is to give the tyre noise label greater attention among tyre and transportation consumers. Hence, the STEER project has evaluated the relevance and performance of the noise part of the European tyre label, looking at how it works in practice, analysing its uncertainties and suggesting how it can be improved. Its main finding is that the uncertainties in the measurement of noise level for the label are too high to be acceptable. This paper focuses on the solutions offered by STEER for an improved tyre label. With four main improvements, the overall uncertainty of the current procedure can be halved. A few possible future strategies to increase the market share of quieter tyres have been analysed and their effects quantified. If the tyre noise label is improved and the market share of quieter tyres can be increased, as project STEER proposes, area-wide reductions of up to 3 dB in road traffic noise emissions compared to the present situation are possible.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18861 (URN)2-s2.0-85147430096 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Internoise 2022, 21-24 August, 2022. Glasgow, Scotland
Available from: 2022-09-01 Created: 2022-09-01 Last updated: 2023-08-03Bibliographically approved
Sandberg, U. & Mioduszewski, P. (2022). The EU Tyre Noise Label: The problem with measuring the noise level of only a few of all tyre variants. In: : . Paper presented at Internoise 2022, 21-24 August, 2022. Glasgow, Scotland (pp. 12).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The EU Tyre Noise Label: The problem with measuring the noise level of only a few of all tyre variants
2022 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The STEER project, described in another Inter-Noise 2022 paper, has evaluated the performance of the noise label of the European tyre label. The major finding was that uncertainties of the tyre/road noise measurements were higher than should be accepted. One of the worst uncertainty sources was found to be the common practice to measure only some tyres of all sizes or variants within a tyre line, to save money. Generally, only the noisiest tyre(s) is/are measured individually and other tyres in that line get the same level, which means that many if not most tyres are labelled with too high noise levels. Then consumers cannot find the quietest tyres. STEER lacked resources to study this problem, but a Swedish project supported STEER in this respect, by making it possible to measure noise of 53 tyres selected from tyre lines of three major tyre manufacturers. The results showed that even though tyres in each line were labelled with the same noise level, in practice they differed up to 6 dB in noise emission. To avoid this very serious source of uncertainty, a special simplified test is suggested in order to be able to label tyres correctly without too much extra effort.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18862 (URN)2-s2.0-85147441124 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Internoise 2022, 21-24 August, 2022. Glasgow, Scotland
Available from: 2022-09-01 Created: 2022-09-01 Last updated: 2023-08-03Bibliographically approved
Vieira, T., Sandberg, U. & Erlingsson, S. (2021). Rolling Resistance Evaluation of Winter Tires on In-Service Road Surfaces. TIRE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 49(2), 78-103
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rolling Resistance Evaluation of Winter Tires on In-Service Road Surfaces
2021 (English)In: TIRE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISSN 0090-8657, Vol. 49, no 2, p. 78-103Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Rolling resistance, the energy dissipated due to the rolling movement of a pneumatic tire over a surface, is a relevant factor that should be considered when aiming at a more energy efficient road infrastructure as well as for reducing CO2 emissions. The energy dissipation, as a result mainly of hysteretic losses, is dependent on the tire, the road surface, and the operating temperature, among other factors. In this study. 50 different tires of five different types-all-season tires, summer tires, winter tires without studs, winter tires with studs, and winter tires with hard particles-were evaluated with respect to rolling resistance on two different road surfaces, at three different test speeds and different states of tire wear. In addition to the full-scale field tests, a drum facility was used to evaluate rolling resistance of the same tires in a more controlled environment. This resulted in more than 500 measurements that were analyzed in this paper. Previously, no data regarding rolling resistance of studded winter tires had been published, and there have been very few studies comparing measurements on drums with measurements on road pavements. In the field, rolling resistance was significantly depending on tire type, and many tested tires performed differently on the two surfaces. No significant correlation was found between labeled tire values and rolling resistance measured on roads, or between rolling resistance measured on roads and on a drum facility. Better correlations were found between labeled tire values and our own drum results. This calls for a review of the relevance of the energy labeling procedure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
TIRE SOC INC, 2021
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-17496 (URN)10.2346/tire.20.190225 (DOI)000707038500001 ()
Available from: 2021-12-06 Created: 2021-12-06 Last updated: 2023-08-03Bibliographically approved
Bühlmann, E., Schlatter, F. & Sandberg, U. (2021). Temperature influence on tire/road noise measurements: Recently collected data and discussion of various issues related to standard testing procedures. In: Proceedings of INTER-NOISE 2021: 2021 International Congress and Exposition of Noise Control Engineering. Paper presented at 50th International Congress and Exposition of Noise Control Engineering, INTER-NOISE 2021, 1 August 2021 through 5 August 2021. The Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA, Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Temperature influence on tire/road noise measurements: Recently collected data and discussion of various issues related to standard testing procedures
2021 (English)In: Proceedings of INTER-NOISE 2021: 2021 International Congress and Exposition of Noise Control Engineering, The Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA, Inc. , 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Air, road, and tire temperatures substantially affect tire/road noise emission. For measuring purposes, one would like to normalize measurements to a reference temperature by means of a reliable correction procedure. Current studies show that temperature effects remain an important source of uncertainty in tire/road noise measurements and tire testing, even after applying the correction terms provided in the various standards. This seems to be the case for the measurement methods used in OBSI, CPX, SPB, and various regulations or directives based on ECE R117. This paper examines a new dataset consisting of 7.5 million temperature measurements aimed at contributing to a better understanding of temperature effects and the ways they relate to air, road, and tire temperatures. It is assumed that tire temperatures are the most relevant for noise corrections; therefore, special studies are made for how tire temperatures relate to air and road (test surface) temperatures. A profound analysis is provided on how these relationships vary over different day times, seasons, and climatic regions. Based on this analysis, the authors provide suggestions for improvement of temperature normalization in current tire/road noise and tire testing standards. Special considerations are devoted to measurements on test tracks having ISO 10844 reference surfaces.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The Institute of Noise Control Engineering of the USA, Inc., 2021
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-17343 (URN)10.3397/IN-2021-1830 (DOI)2-s2.0-85117399312 (Scopus ID)9781732598652 (ISBN)
Conference
50th International Congress and Exposition of Noise Control Engineering, INTER-NOISE 2021, 1 August 2021 through 5 August 2021
Available from: 2021-11-03 Created: 2021-11-03 Last updated: 2023-08-03Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0009-0003-2678-6961

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