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Kharrazi, S., Laine, L., Larsson, L., Sandin, J., Jacobson, B., Asp, T. & Bagdadi, O. (2024). A review of more than a decade of research and field tests on longer vehicle combinations in Sweden that supported road approval. In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight. Paper presented at Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.. International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, Article ID 7891.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A review of more than a decade of research and field tests on longer vehicle combinations in Sweden that supported road approval
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2024 (English)In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 7891Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

For more than a decade, Longer Vehicle Combinations (LVCs) have been tested in Sweden on roads and test tracks and studied in simulations. Based on the outcomes of this research, the government in Sweden has decided to open part of the road network for LVCs with a length up to 34.5 m. Necessary regulatory framework should be in place before this change can be applied. Thus, the LVCs are not expected on the roads before winter 2023-2024. This article reviews outcomes of the extensive research which has been performed on High Capacity Transport (HCT) to support introduction of LVCs in Sweden. Summary of studies on various aspects of HCT, such as regulation, safety, maneuverability, electrification, and emissions, are presented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, 2024
Keywords
High Capacity Transport, Longer Vehicle Combination, Regulatory framework, Performance Based Standards, Safety, Maneuverability, Accident Analysis, Driver behavior, Traction, Electrification, Efficiency, Modal shift
National Category
Vehicle Engineering Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20373 (URN)
Conference
Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.
Note

Technology Convergence 2023, joint conference of The 17th International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology (HVTT17) and the 9th International Conference on Weigh-In-Motion (ICWIM9).

Available from: 2024-02-29 Created: 2024-02-29 Last updated: 2024-03-01Bibliographically approved
Jacobson, B., Kharrazi, S., Fröjd, N., Ghandriz, T. & Bagdadi, O. (2024). An open assessment tool for standardized performance measures of long combination vehicles. In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight. Paper presented at Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.. International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, Article ID 5256.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An open assessment tool for standardized performance measures of long combination vehicles
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2024 (English)In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 5256Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Long Combination Vehicles (LCV) are transport efficient. However, allowing any combination of, individually legal, loaded vehicle units which when connected become LCV, can lead to traffic risks. Therefore, ways to assess LCVs are developed. The paper proposes an open tool which can assess a certain LCV for a certain load distribution. The tool could be a base for a digital service for such assessment. The assessment is done with Performance-Based Standards (PBS). PBS measures, computed through dynamic models and simulations, can be compared to numerical requirements. The vehicle parameters are selected to be as easy as possible to find values on, e.g., from available data in a vehicle unit registry. Also, the loading is defined by giving the static vertical force for each axle and the load height for each vehicle unit. A PBS based assessment method, as opposed to simply prescribing certain vehicle design parameters, would encourage novel combination vehicle designs. That would continuously drive the development towards even better transport efficiency, including energy efficiency.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, 2024
Keywords
High-capacity transports, Long combination vehicles, Performance based standards, Open source, Assessment tool, Modelica
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20377 (URN)
Conference
Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.
Projects
Performance Based Standards for High Capacity Transports in SwedenPerformance Based Standards II
Funder
Vinnova
Note

Technology Convergence 2023, joint conference of The 17th International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology (HVTT17) and the 9th International Conference on Weigh-In-Motion (ICWIM9).

Available from: 2024-02-29 Created: 2024-02-29 Last updated: 2024-03-01Bibliographically approved
Rahman, M. S., Kharrazi, S. & Erlingsson, S. (2024). High-capacity transport in cities and the impact on the roads. In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight. Paper presented at Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.. International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, Article ID 8555.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High-capacity transport in cities and the impact on the roads
2024 (English)In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 8555Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents the evaluation of the relative pavement damage caused by a high-capacity transport (HCT) 5 axle truck with respect to three other reference trucks consisting of 4, 3 and 2 axles. The analysis was conducted by simulating the responses of three pavement structures using the pavement analysis tool ERAPave. Two damage criteria of the pavement structures were evaluated: fatigue cracking of the asphalt concrete (AC) layer and permanent deformation of the subgrade. The relative damage caused by the different vehicles were estimated by calculating a damage factor (Dr) following the Asphalt Institute Method. Three loading scenarios of the trucks were analyzed: (a) one way trip with fully loaded trucks, (b) round trip where the return trip consisted of the empty vehicles with lifted axles and (c) round trip where the return trip consisted of the empty vehicles without lifting any axles. The damage factors were calculated for per ton of carried load and were normalized with respect to the 2-axle truck. Results indicate that the relative impacts of the vehicles depend on the structure type and seasons. Generally, the 4-axle truck appeared to be the least damaging one. The HCT 5-axle truck is more damaging than the 4-axle truck, but less damaging than the other two.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, 2024
Keywords
High-capacity transport, pavement damage, damage factor, fatigue cracking, subgrade rutting, axle load, payload, fuel consumption, emissions
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20376 (URN)
Conference
Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.
Funder
Vinnova, 2020-05149
Note

Technology Convergence 2023, joint conference of The 17th International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology (HVTT17) and the 9th International Conference on Weigh-In-Motion (ICWIM9).

Available from: 2024-02-29 Created: 2024-02-29 Last updated: 2024-03-01Bibliographically approved
Ydrefors, L., Åsenius, M., Jansson, H., Kharrazi, S., Hjort, M. & Åslund, J. (2024). Parametrisation of a rolling resistance model for extending the brush tyre model. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 94(1-2), 38-56
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Parametrisation of a rolling resistance model for extending the brush tyre model
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2024 (English)In: International Journal of Vehicle Design, ISSN 0143-3369, E-ISSN 1741-5314, Vol. 94, no 1-2, p. 38-56Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A rolling resistance model (RRM) has been created and parametrised with the purpose of modelling tyre rolling resistance within complete vehicle dynamics simulations. The RRM is based on a combination of the Masing and Zener models to simulate the Payne effect and the viscoelastic properties of rubber. The parametrised model is able to recreate the relationship between the rolling resistance and the tyre deformation well and it has a low computational power requirement. Today the model is limited to simulation of free-rolling tyres on a flat surface, but it can be extended to also include the effects of changes in operating conditions such as wheel angles or road surface.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
InderScience Publishers, 2024
Keywords
Rolling resistance, Parametrisation, Vehicle dynamics simulation, Wheel load, Tyre deformation, Tyre modelling, Tyre temperature, Zener model, Masing model
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18778 (URN)10.1504/IJVD.2024.136238 (DOI)001150623800007 ()2-s2.0-85183574924 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-05195
Available from: 2022-05-10 Created: 2022-06-17 Last updated: 2024-02-12Bibliographically approved
Behera, A., Kharrazi, S. & Frisk, E. (2024). Performance analysis of an A-double in roundabouts using naturalistic driving data. In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight. Paper presented at Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.. International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, Article ID 4565.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Performance analysis of an A-double in roundabouts using naturalistic driving data
2024 (English)In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 4565Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The focus of this paper is to use Naturalistic Driving Data to understand how the drivers manoeuvre an A-double combination in the roundabouts and evaluate performance in the roundabouts using measures like Low-Speed Swept Path (LSSP) and Tail Swing (TS). The analyses of the steering patterns and speed variations depict that the standard deviations of the responses of the drivers for a given travel direction in a roundabout are within 35o (17 % of the baseline) for the steering wheel angle and 8 km/h (40 % of the baseline) for the speed. It is also found that the cognitive workload of the drivers due to the steering pattern is higher in right turns compared to straight crossings through the roundabout. The performance analyses show a dependency of LSSP on the instantaneous radius obtained from the vehicle's path, and the vehicle's travel direction in the roundabout. LSSP ranges from 7.7 m for a left turn in a roundabout with an inner radius of 12 m to 3.1 m for a straight crossing in a roundabout with a 30 m inner radius. TS is observed in only one roundabout and its magnitude goes up to 0.4 m in a roundabout of 30 m inner radius.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion, 2024
Keywords
High-Capacity Transport, A-double, Swept Path, LSSP, Tail Swing, Performance Based Standards, Roundabouts, Driver Behaviour, Cognitive Workload
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20374 (URN)
Conference
Technology Convergence 2023, Brisbane, Australia, November 6-10, 2023.
Note

Technology Convergence 2023, joint conference of The 17th International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology (HVTT17) and the 9th International Conference on Weigh-In-Motion (ICWIM9).

Available from: 2024-02-29 Created: 2024-02-29 Last updated: 2024-03-01Bibliographically approved
Kharrazi, S., Nielsen, L. & Frisk, E. (2023). Generation of Mission-Based Driving Cycles Using Behavioral Models Parameterized for Different Driver Categories. SAE technical paper series, Article ID 2023-01-5033.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Generation of Mission-Based Driving Cycles Using Behavioral Models Parameterized for Different Driver Categories
2023 (English)In: SAE technical paper series, ISSN 0148-7191, article id 2023-01-5033Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A methodology for the generation of representative driving cycles is proposed and evaluated. The proposed method combines traffic simulation and driving behavior modeling to generate mission-based driving cycles. Extensions to the existing behavioral model in a traffic simulation tool are suggested and parameterized for different driver categories to capture the effects of road geometry and variances between drivers. The evaluation results illustrate that the developed extensions significantly improve the match between driving data and the driving cycles generated by traffic simulation. Using model extensions parameterized for different driver categories, instead of only one average driver, provides the possibility to represent different driving behaviors and further improve the realism of the resulting driving cycles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Society of Automotive Engineers, 2023
Keywords
Behavioral model, Driver categories, Machine learning, Naturalistic driving data, Representative driving cycles, Road geometry, Behavioral research, Parameterization, Roads and streets, Driver category, Driving behaviors models, Driving cycle, Machine-learning, Parameterized, Representative driving cycle, Traffic simulations
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19859 (URN)10.4271/2023-01-5033 (DOI)2-s2.0-85167570883 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-08-29 Created: 2023-08-29 Last updated: 2023-09-20Bibliographically approved
Ydrefors, L., Hjort, M., Kharrazi, S., Jerrelind, J. & Stensson Trigell, A. (2023). Measurement and evaluation of rolling resistance of car tyres at low operating temperatures. In: : . Paper presented at 28th IAVSD Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks, the Shaw Centre, Ottawa, Canada, August 21-25, 2023.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measurement and evaluation of rolling resistance of car tyres at low operating temperatures
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2023 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Other academic)
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19879 (URN)
Conference
28th IAVSD Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks, the Shaw Centre, Ottawa, Canada, August 21-25, 2023
Available from: 2023-09-08 Created: 2023-09-08 Last updated: 2023-09-20Bibliographically approved
Hjort, M., Bruzelius, F., Kharrazi, S. & Ydenius, A. (2023). Test av åretruntdäck: Väggrepp på is och snö samt barmark. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Test av åretruntdäck: Väggrepp på is och snö samt barmark
2023 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Test of all-season tyres : Grip on ice, snow and asphalt
Abstract [sv]

Åretruntdäck är en typ av däck som tidigare inte varit godkända att använda som vinterdäck i Sverige, men som efter en regeländring 2019 nu är tillåtna. I syfte att jämföra väggreppet för denna typ av däck med renodlade vinter- och sommardäck så genomfördes bromstester för 14 olika åretruntdäck på packad snö och is, likväl som på torr och våt asfalt. Åretruntdäcken valdes ut för att vara representativa för de tillgängliga åretruntdäcken på den svenska marknaden, och jämförelsedäcken valdes ut för att vara representativa för respektive däcktyp. Resultaten visar att det är stora skillnader i bromsgrepp mellan olika åretruntdäck. En del åretruntdäck presterar mer likt europeiska dubbfria vinterdäck, och andra mer likt sommardäck, vilket verkar vara ett medvetet val från de olika tillverkarna. I genomsnitt så är åretruntdäckens bromssträcka på snötydligt längre än för både nordiska och europeiska dubbfria vinterdäck, och även om det finns åretruntdäck som är mer lika europeiska vinterdäck på snö, så finns det andra som är betydligt sämre. På is så är bromsgreppet för åretruntdäcken mycket sämre jämfört med det nordiska dubbfria referensdäcket.

Vår bedömning är att isgreppet överlag är för dåligt för att utgöra ett trafiksäkert alternativ på svenska vintervägar, och att ett av de vintergodkända åretruntdäcken presterade likvärdigt med ett av sommardäcken på is är anmärkningsvärt. Det finns en korrelation mellan lågt klassat rullmotstånd och dåligt isgrepp, vilket indikerar att åtgärder för att minska rullmotståndet kan vara negativt för isgreppet för denna typ av däck. Bromsprestanda på torr och våt asfalt för åretruntdäcken är generellt något bättre än de europeiska vinterdäcken, men tydligt sämre än sommardäck. Spridningen var dock stor där de bästa åretruntdäcken presterade likvärdigt med sommardäcken, och de sämsta var ungefär samma nivå som det bästa av de nordiska dubbfria vinterdäcken. Vi kan därför inte rekommendera åretruntdäck som ett alternativ till vinter- och sommardäck.

 

Abstract [en]

All-season tyres have previously not been approved for use as winter tyres in Sweden but are now allowed after a change of regulations in 2019. To compare the grip of this type of tyre with regular winter and summer tires, brake tests were conducted for 14 different all-season tyres on packed snow and ice, as well as on dry and wet asphalt. The tyres were selected to be representative of the available all-season tyres on the Swedish market. The results show large differences in braking grip between different all-season tires. Some tyres perform more like European non-studded winter tyres, and others more like summer tyres, which seems to be a conscious choice by the various manufacturers. On average, the braking distance of all-season tyres on snow is clearly longer than that of both Nordic and European non-studded winter tyres, and although there are all-season tyres that are similar to European winter tyres on snow, others perform significantly worse. On ice, the braking grip of all-season tyres is much worse compared to the Nordic non-studded reference tyre.

Our assessment is that the ice grip is generally too poor to constitute a safe alternative on Swedish winter roads, and that one of the winter-approved all-season tyres performed just as bad as one of the summer tyres on ice is remarkable. There is a correlation between low rolling resistance and poor ice grip, which indicates that measures to reduce rolling resistance can have a negative impact on the ice grip of this type of tyre. Braking performance on dry and wet asphalt for all-season tyres are widespread, with the best all-season tyres performing equally with summer tyres, and the worst being about the same level as the best of the Nordic winter tyres. We can therefore not recommend all-season tyres as an alternative to winter and summer tyres.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2023. p. 46
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 1183
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19963 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2023-10-23 Created: 2023-10-23 Last updated: 2023-11-01Bibliographically approved
Hjort, M., Arvidsson, A. K., Sandin, J., Kharrazi, S. & Nyberg, J. (2023). Utredning av regler för vinterdäck till tunga fordon: Ett regeringsuppdrag. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Utredning av regler för vinterdäck till tunga fordon: Ett regeringsuppdrag
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2023 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Evaluation of winter tyre regulations for heavy vehicles : A government assignment
Abstract [sv]

VTI har tillsammans med Transportstyrelsen fått i uppdrag av regeringen att analysera dagens krav på vinterdäck för tunga fordon och utreda behovet av förändrade krav på vinterdäck eller däckutrustning för att minska framkomlighets- och säkerhetsproblem i vägtrafiken när det råder vinterväglag. Om behov finns ska Transportstyrelsen föreslå regeländringar. 2018 togs beslut fram på skärpta krav på vinterdäck till tunga fordon. Kraven blev aktiva 1 juni 2019. I uppdraget från regeringen ingick att följa upp hur de skärpta kraven efterlevs och bedöma vilken effekt som regeländringarna har fått på framkomlighet och trafiksäkerhet. Vi har i denna utredning genomfört fokusgrupper och intervjuer, samlat in statistik och genomfört olycksriskanalyser, samt utfört ett par fältstudier av däckens kondition för lastbilar och bussar i trafik. Vi har gått igenom befintligt regelverk i detalj och jämfört dem med regelverken i Norge och Finland, där man har liknande vinterförhållanden som i Sverige. Baserat på dessa analyser ser vi inga skäl till förändringar av befintligt regelverk för vinterdäck till tunga fordon. Den statistiska analysen kunde inte påvisa någon förbättring av halkrelaterade problem efter skärpningen av vinterdäcksreglerna 2019, varken när det gäller framkomlighet eller trafiksäkerhet.

Abstract [en]

VTI, together with the Swedish Transport Agency, has been commissioned by the government to analyse the current regulations for winter tyres for heavy vehicles and to investigate the need for changed requirements for winter tyres or tyre equipment in order to reduce accessibility and safety problems in road traffic when winter road conditions prevail. If necessary, the Swedish Transport Agency will propose changes to the regulations. The assignment also included following up on compliance with the stricter requirements for winter tyres for heavy vehicles that were decided in 2018, and became active on 1 June 2019, and assessing the effect these regulatory changes have had on accessibility and road safety. In this investigation, we have conducted focus groups and interviews, collected statistics and carried out accident risk analyses, as well as carried out a couple of field studies of the condition of the tyres for trucks and buses in traffic. The existing regulations have been reviewed in detail and compared with the regulations in Norway and Finland, where winter conditions are similar to those in Sweden. Based on these analyses, we see no reason for changes to the existing regulations for winter tyres for heavy vehicles. The statistical analysis did not show any improvement in slippery conditions related to accessibility or road safety effects after the stricter winter tyre regulations in 2019.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2023. p. 84
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 1187
Keywords
Government assignment, winter tyres, heavy vehicles, Regeringsuppdrag, vinterdäck, tunga fordon
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20023 (URN)
Available from: 2023-12-04 Created: 2023-12-01 Last updated: 2024-01-04Bibliographically approved
Ydrefors, L., Hjort, M., Kharrazi, S., Jerrelind, J. & Stensson Trigell, A. (2022). Development of a method for measuring rolling resistance at different tyre temperatures. In: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering: 27th IAVSD Symposium, 2021, digital from St Petersburg, 17-19 august, 2021. Paper presented at 27th IAVSD Symposium, 2021, digital from St Petersburg, 17-19 august, 2021 (pp. 1026-1039).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of a method for measuring rolling resistance at different tyre temperatures
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2022 (English)In: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering: 27th IAVSD Symposium, 2021, digital from St Petersburg, 17-19 august, 2021, 2022, p. 1026-1039Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Measurement methods to determine the rolling resistance of tyres during different operation conditions are essential in the work towards more energy efficient vehicles. One of the influential parameters is the tyre temperature distribution, which has a large impact on the rolling resistance. Today, the standardised test procedure to measure rolling resistance is steady-state measurement on drums. However, the steady-state temperature on a drum is not the same as the temperature during ordinary driving conditions. The aim of this work is to develop a measuring method that enables to set a desired measurement temperature, which would create the possibility to study the relationship between tyre temperature and rolling resistance in more detail. The measurement method was developed by the use of a flat track equipment but should be applicable to other rolling resistance measurement equipment such as drums. The resulting method gives a repeatable tyre temperature and rolling resistance and can be used for measurements on tyres heated to a chosen measurement temperature. 

Keywords
rolling resistance, tyre temperature, tyre inflation pressure, measurement method, flat track, drum test
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18777 (URN)10.1007/978-3-031-07305-2_95 (DOI)2-s2.0-85136990700 (Scopus ID)
Conference
27th IAVSD Symposium, 2021, digital from St Petersburg, 17-19 august, 2021
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2022-03-03 Created: 2022-06-17 Last updated: 2023-09-20Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-7780-7449

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