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Ahmed, A. W., Larsson, M. & Said, S. (2024). Utilizing GPR and FWD for Pavement Structural Assessment and Moisture Detection. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Utilizing GPR and FWD for Pavement Structural Assessment and Moisture Detection
2024 (English)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Utnyttja GPR och FWD för bedömning av vägöverbyggnadstillstånd under fuktinverkan
Abstract [sv]

Tillståndet hos vägöverbyggnader påverkas bland annat av förekomsten av vatten och fukt i vägkonstruktionen. Förekomst av vatten accelererar nedbrytningen av vägen och leder till dyra underhållskostnader. Forskningen har visat att betydande vägandelar behöver tidigarelägga underhållsåtgärder, oavsett trafikvolymen på grund av fuktrelaterade skador. Övervakning av fuktförhållanden i synnerhet med icke-förstörande och kontinuerliga metoder är därför bra att ha vid val av lämplig underhållsåtgärd. Dessutom är det värdefullt att känna till fukttillståndet i vägen för en mer korrekt bedömning av bärighetsmätningar med FWD (fallviktapparat) eller TSD (Traffic Speed Deflectometer), särskild under våren (upptiningsperiod).

I denna studie används en flermottagande markradar (GPR) och en fallviktsdeflektometer för bedömning av fuktnivåer och strukturellt tillstånd för en fullskalig vägkonstruktion inomhus. Grundvattennivåer i vägkonstruktionen varierades genom tillförsel av vatten i testkonstruktionen. GPR-mätningarna rapporterar en relativ vattenhalt i testkonstruktionen. Resultaten visade en uppenbar korrelation mellan fallviktsmätningarna och de genomsnittliga GPR-hastighetsmätningarna för de undersökta testerna. Vidare forskning av andra GPR-parametrar, såsom frekvens, magnitud och amplitud för GPR-signalen, rekommenderas.

Abstract [en]

Asphalt pavement performance is affected by the presence of water(moisture). Increased moisture within the road structure can result in substantial cost increase for the for society. Research have showed that significant portion of the road sections need early maintenance measures regardless of traffic volume due to moisture-related damages. Monitoring moisture conditions, preferably using a non-destructive continuous method, offers important information into the decision-making and selecting appropriate maintenance intervention. Furthermore, understanding moisture conditions is critical for accurately interpreting automatic road condition measurements, especially during the spring (thawing) when the roads exhibit the lowest load bearing capacity due to increased levels of moisture.

This study employed a multi-receiver ground penetrating radar (GPR) and a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) devices to assess moisture levels and structural condition of field and indoor full-scale test roads. The groundwater level of the test road was varied by introducing water to the system. The results revealed an apparent correlation between the FWD and the average GPR velocity measurements. The GPR measurements provided a relative water content of the test roads. Further exploration of other GPR parameters, such as frequency, magnitude, and amplitude of the GPR signal is recommended.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2024. p. 35
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 1204A
Keywords
GPR, FWD, moisture content, moisture damage, GPR, FWD, fukthalt, fuktskador
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-20359 (URN)
Projects
Mätning av fukt/vatten vid FWD mätningar och dess effekter på asfalten/Utilizing GPR and FWD for Pavement Structural Assessment and Moisture Detection
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2024-02-27 Created: 2024-02-27 Last updated: 2024-02-27Bibliographically approved
Said, S. F. & Ahmed, A. W. (2023). Rheological characterization of asphalt concrete using shear box. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rheological characterization of asphalt concrete using shear box
2023 (English)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Reologisk karakterisering av asfaltbeläggning genom skjuvtest
Abstract [en]

Performance-orientated characterization of asphalt concrete materials is indispensable for analytic mix and pavement design. This report presents a test method for determining the shear modulus, phase angle and viscosity of bituminous mixes by the shear box test. The test is performed on laboratory compacted or cored bituminous mixes using a sinusoidal shear loading at different temperatures and frequencies. The procedure is used to characterize bituminous mixtures with respect to shear modulus, phase angle and viscosity. The obtained data can be used to estimate the bituminous layer’s structural behaviour in the pavement such as the development of ruts in the asphalt concrete layers.

Abstract [sv]

Funktionsorienterad karakterisering av asfaltbeläggning är värdefull för analytisk proportionering av asfaltmaterial och dimensionering av bituminösa vägöverbyggnader. Denna rapport presenterar en testmetod för att bestämma skjuvmodul, fasvinkel och viskositet för bituminösa beläggningar. Testet kan utföras på laboratoriepackade beläggning eller borrkärnsprov och utförs med en sinusformad skjuvbelastning vid olika temperaturer och frekvenser. Förfarandet används för att karakterisera bituminösa blandningar med avseende på skjuvmodul, fasvinkel och viskositet. Resultaten från provningen kan användas för att utvärdera asfaltbeläggningens deformationskänslighet eller för att beräkna spårutvecklingen i asfaltsbeläggning givet andra parametrar såsom klimat, trafikfördelning tvärs vägriktningen och belastningsspektra.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2023. p. 22
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 1168A
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19730 (URN)
Available from: 2023-05-22 Created: 2023-05-22 Last updated: 2023-05-22Bibliographically approved
Zhu, J., Ahmed, A. W., Said, S., Dinegdae, Y. H. & Lu, X. (2022). Experimental analysis and predictive modelling of linear viscoelastic response of asphalt mixture under dynamic shear loading. Construction and Building Materials, 328, Article ID 127095.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental analysis and predictive modelling of linear viscoelastic response of asphalt mixture under dynamic shear loading
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2022 (English)In: Construction and Building Materials, ISSN 0950-0618, E-ISSN 1879-0526, Vol. 328, article id 127095Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The use of predictive models can facilitate the inclusion of shear parameters in asphalt mixture evaluation and design processes. Unlike more extensively studied tension–compression models, the currently existing shear model, the Hirsch model, has unrealistic constants, particularly for the prediction of phase angle. Aiming at an improved predictive model in shear, this study employs a simple shear apparatus to experimentally analyse the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures for road paving. Master curves were constructed and compared between different asphalt mixtures. Additionally, the test results were also analysed in the Black space and the Cole-Cole space. The dynamic shear response of asphalt mixtures was thereafter modelled on the basis of the Hirsch model. As the original model for phase angle prediction was found to be unrealistic, a particular focus in this study was put on identifying realistic empirical relationships for predicting the phase angle of asphalt mixtures in shear. More reliable shear test results of asphalt mixtures were used to calibrate the model, and extra test data were utilized to validate the calibrated model. It is indicated that the predictive model after calibration could deliver results of greatly improved accuracy, especially at the high-frequency and low-frequency ends. The analysis and modelling also leads to realistic empirical relationships for predicting the phase angle of asphalt mixtures in shear. The experimental verification confirms the good prediction accuracy of the calibrated model and proposed empirical relationships. © 2022 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2022
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-18256 (URN)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127095 (DOI)2-s2.0-85126140500 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-03-24 Created: 2022-03-24 Last updated: 2022-08-05Bibliographically approved
Zhu, J., Ahmed, A. W., Lu, X. & Said, S. (2022). Influence of Binder Properties on Dynamic Shear Response of Asphalt Mixture. In: Proceedings of the RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials. ISBM 2020: . Paper presented at ISBM 2020: International Symposium on Bituminous Materials  (pp. 1071-1078). Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 27
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of Binder Properties on Dynamic Shear Response of Asphalt Mixture
2022 (English)In: Proceedings of the RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials. ISBM 2020, Springer Science and Business Media B.V. , 2022, Vol. 27, p. 1071-1078Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

For predicting the shear-related rutting potential of asphalt pavement, it is important to understand the shear response of asphalt mixture and find the link between the mixture response and component material properties. Using controlled aggregate gradation, this paper investigates the influence of bituminous binder on the response of asphalt mixture under dynamic shear loading. Four asphalt mixtures, with two different grades of bitumen, were analysed by a simple shear test apparatus with dynamic loading. The binders, both original and after short-term aging, were characterised using a dynamic shear rheometer. The modulus and phase angle of both the asphalt mixture and bitumen samples were measured. Master curves were constructed. The results revealed that the asphalt mixture phase angle maximum, where a rutting performance indicator can be obtained, appears in a relatively narrow range of shear modulus. This range corresponds to a certain level of bitumen complex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle. By temperature sweep, a temperature value can be interpolated at the specified bitumen G* level. This temperature provides a possibility to predict the frequency of phase angle maximum for a given asphalt mixture type. It is noted that the asphalt mixture phase angle maximum corresponds to a relatively high bitumen modulus level compared to other high-temperature criteria. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022
Series
RILEM Bookseries
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-17325 (URN)10.1007/978-3-030-46455-4_136 (DOI)2-s2.0-85116509611 (Scopus ID)
Conference
ISBM 2020: International Symposium on Bituminous Materials 
Available from: 2021-11-30 Created: 2021-11-30 Last updated: 2022-08-05Bibliographically approved
Lindelöf, P., Said, S. & Ahmed, A. W. (2022). Influences of bus traffic loading on asphalt concrete rutting. The international journal of pavement engineering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influences of bus traffic loading on asphalt concrete rutting
2022 (English)In: The international journal of pavement engineering, ISSN 1029-8436, E-ISSN 1477-268XArticle in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Permanent deformation is the primary failure mode for the asphalt concrete (AC) pavement in urban environment. It is mainly caused by a combination of heavy traffic load, low vehicle speed and channelised traffic. A rut prediction model would therefore be a valuable tool for planning maintenance scheduling and selecting an appropriate asphalt material. This study uses the PEDRO (Permanent deformation in asphalt concrete layers for roads) model to evaluate the rutting performance of flexible pavements in dedicated bus lanes and intersections in urban areas. For this purpose, three road sections along a bus lane in Malmö, Sweden, were selected. To achieve this, AC cores from the road sections were tested using a Shear Box Tester to characterise the asphalt mixtures. Traffic data such as axle load, tyre configuration, speed, and lateral wander distribution of vehicles, and climate data were measured for the selected sections. Field measurements were carried out to assess the structural conditions of the pavements and to measure transverse profiles. This study introduced a procedure for the evaluation and local calibration of the PEDRO rutting model. The results revealed that the prediction of the transverse profiles are generally in good agreement with the rut measurements.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-19430 (URN)10.1080/10298436.2022.2154939 (DOI)000899608700001 ()2-s2.0-85144229870 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-01-23 Created: 2023-01-23 Last updated: 2023-01-23Bibliographically approved
Sulejmani, P., Said, S., Agardh, S. & Ahmed, A. W. (2021). Impact of temperature and moisture on the tensile strain of asphalt concrete layers. The international journal of pavement engineering, 22(13), 1711-1719
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of temperature and moisture on the tensile strain of asphalt concrete layers
2021 (English)In: The international journal of pavement engineering, ISSN 1029-8436, E-ISSN 1477-268X, Vol. 22, no 13, p. 1711-1719Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Moisture in unbound layers and temperature in asphalt layers affect the structural response of pavements, such as the tensile strain at the bottom of asphalt concrete layers. Previous studies have proposed relationships for estimating tensile strain at the bottom of an asphalt layer from Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) surface deflection measurements. These relationships have been developed based on theoretical calculations of strains and surface deflections. The main objective of this study was to evaluate these relationships using measured FWD deflections and tensile strains at the bottom of asphalt concrete layers. Three instrumented test structures were considered in the study. FWD and strain measurements were conducted at varying groundwater levels in the subgrade and temperatures in the asphalt concrete layers. The results revealed that the relationships have poor agreement with measured strains. A new relationship is proposed that incorporates the volumetric water content in the subgrade and the temperature in the asphalt layers in addition to the surface FWD deflections. © 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-15017 (URN)10.1080/10298436.2020.1715404 (DOI)000509080300001 ()2-s2.0-85078495937 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-05-29 Created: 2020-05-29 Last updated: 2022-08-05Bibliographically approved
Said, S., Carlsson, H. & Ahmed, A. (2021). Uppföljning av provväg E6 med polymermodifierade bundna lager: Uddevalla. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Uppföljning av provväg E6 med polymermodifierade bundna lager: Uddevalla
2021 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Long-term pavement performance road test E6 with polymer modified bitumen : Uddevalla
Abstract [sv]

Vägobjektet Geddeknippel–Kalsås byggdes år 2003–2006 som en del av motorvägen E6 norr om Uddevalla i både söder- och norrgående riktningarna. Provsträckor anlades med polymermodifierat bitumen (PMB) bestående av några varianter av SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) och EVA (Ethylene-vinylacetat). Provsträckorna har planerats av dåvarande Vägverket (Trafikverket) i samarbete med branschens aktörer. Syftet är att klargöra nyttan av användning av polymermodifierade asfalt-beläggningar i olika asfaltlager av bitumenbundna konstruktioner. 

Uppföljningen av provvägen har utförts genom laboratorieundersökningar av prov från beläggningarna och fältmätningar. Utvärdering av beläggningarna och prognostisering av tillståndsutveckling hos provsträckorna har utförts med olika verktyg och validerats genom tillståndsutveckling hos vägens provsträckor. Resultaten visade att asfaltbeläggningarna med och utan PMB åldrades med tiden dock i varierande grad. Förhårdning av beläggningar genom åldring påverkar tillståndutveckling och det måste beaktas för en korrekt bedömning av nedbrytning av sträckorna. 

Det konstaterades att polymermodifierade bindemedlen kan påverka beläggningars funktion på ett betydelsefullt sätt. Valet av PMB måste planeras med hänsyn till eftertraktade funktionsegenskaper och lagrets position i en vägkonstruktion. Olika PMB varianter kan behövs för olika ändamål. Till exempel, olika PMB kan behövas för stabilitet alternativ motstånd mot sprickor hos beläggningar och ibland kan den konventionella beläggningen vara mest optimal ur teknisk eller samhällsekonomisk aspekt. Spårmodellen PEDRO är ett praktiskt verktyg för klargörande av inverkan av parametrarna på spårtillväxt i bitumenbundna lager. Verktyget beskriver andelen av spårdjup från varje asfaltlager med hänsyn till lagrets funktionsegenskaper och position i en vägkonstruktion för ett optimalt val av en beläggning. Trafikverkets satsning på räkning av trafikvolym genom WIM-mätningar (Weight-in-motion) är överlägsen dagens metod för uppskattning av trafikvolym från ÅDT (årsdygnmedeltrafik) vid beräkningar av teknisk livslängd i detta arbete. Dock finns fortfarande mycket begränsade WIM-mätningar.

Abstract [en]

The test road Geddeknippel–Kalsås was built in 2003–2006 as a part of the E6 motorway north of Uddevalla in both south and north directions. Test sections were constructed with polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) consisting of several variants of SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) and EVA (Ethylene-vinyl acetate). The test sections have been planned by the Swedish Transport Administration in collaboration with industry. The purpose is to clarify the benefit of using the PMB in asphalt mixtures in asphalt concrete layers of flexible pavements. 

Long-term-pavement-performance was carried out through laboratory tests of samples and follow-up measurements. Evaluation of the pavement’s sections and prognoses of deterioration development at the test sections has been carried out with various models and test methods. The results showed that the asphalt concretes with and without PMB aged over time, however, to varying degrees. Hardening of asphalt concrete due to aging affects the development of pavement conditions and this must be considered for correct assessment of degradation of the sections. It was found that the PMBs used in this work can significantly affect the function of asphalt concretes. The choice of a PMB must be planned considering the desired functional characteristics and the asphalt concrete layer position in a road structure. Different PMB variants may be needed for different purposes. For example, different PMBs may be needed against rutting alternative fatigue cracking and sometimes the conventional asphalt concrete may be most optimal considering pavement life and from a socioeconomic aspect. 

Rutting model PEDRO has been found to be a practical tool for clarifying the impact of the most important parameters on rut growth in bitumen-bound layers. It describes the proportion of rut depth from each asphalt layer and in respect of the layer’s functional properties and position in the road structure for an optimal choice of asphalt materials. The Swedish Transport Administration's investment in counting traffic volume through WIM (Weight-in-motion) measurements is superior to the current method based on estimation of the traffic volume from AADT (Average Annual daily traffic) in prediction of in-situ life. However, so far there are very limited WIM measurements.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2021. p. 152
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 1096
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-17266 (URN)
Available from: 2021-10-18 Created: 2021-10-18 Last updated: 2022-08-05Bibliographically approved
Said, S., Ahmed, A. W., Jelagin, D., Lu, X., Gudmarsson, A., Nilsson, R., . . . Jarlsson, H. (2020). Prediction of rutting in asphalt concrete pavements: the PEDRO model. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prediction of rutting in asphalt concrete pavements: the PEDRO model
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2020 (English)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Prognostisering av spårtillväxt hos bitumenbundna lager : PEDRO modellen
Abstract [en]

Flexible pavement rutting due to permanent deformation accumulation in asphalt layers is one of the most common modes of road failures. In addition to high maintenance costs, rutting is a major concern for traffic safety, as the rut growth increases the risk for hydroplaning and difficulties in vehicle steering. In this context, accurate methodologies for pavement rutting performance prediction are crucial for decision support in pavement design and rehabilitation. More rational rutting performance models are needed to enable the implementation of new and more sustainable and environmentally friendly asphalt materials as well as to evaluate the impact of high capacity traffic (HCT) vehicle types on bituminous layers.

The main goal of this work is to implement and disseminate an asphalt rutting performance prediction tool called PEDRO (PErmanent Deformation of asphalt concrete layers for ROads). It focuses solely on the permanent deformation of asphalt concrete materials in the pavement structure. The PEDRO tool is a viscoelastic model for the calculation of permanent vertical strain under moving wheel loads over a viscoelastic half-space. The analysis is performed for the entire rutting zone and the permanent deformation of each layer or sub-layer, depending on its location in the pavement structure, is then integrated over the whole asphalt concrete depth.

Abstract [sv]

Spårbildning i bitumenbundna beläggningar är en av de vanligaste vägskadorna. Utöver de höga underhållskostnaderna orsakar detta ett stort problem för trafiksäkerheten, eftersom risken för vattenplaning ökar och fordonsstyrningen försvåras. Noggranna och praktiska metoder för prediktering av spårutveckling är avgörande för beslutsstöd i dimensionering och rehabilitering av vägar. Bättre spårmodeller behövs också för att utvärdera nya massabeläggningar samt för att kunna utvärdera effekterna av olika fordonstyper på vägarnas livslängd med avseende på spårbildning.

Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att implementera och sprida ut ett praktiskt verktyg, kallat PEDRO (PErmanent Deformation of asphalt concrete layers for ROads) för prediktering av spårtillväxt hos bituminösa beläggningar. Modellen fokuserar enbart på permanenta deformationer hos asfaltbeläggningar och är en viskoelastisk modell för beräkning av permanent vertikal töjning under inverkan av ett rullande hjul över ett viskoelastiskt material. Analys av påkänningar utförs över hela det deformationspåverkande området (inte enbart i en punkt) per varje skikt och deformationen summeras över skiktets tjocklek.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2020. p. 91
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 1016A
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-15162 (URN)
Available from: 2020-04-02 Created: 2020-04-02 Last updated: 2022-08-05Bibliographically approved
Sulejmani, P., Said, S. F., Agardh, S. & Ahmed, A. W. (2019). Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Mixtures using Cycling Pore Pressure Conditioning. Transportation Research Record
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Mixtures using Cycling Pore Pressure Conditioning
2019 (English)In: Transportation Research Record, ISSN 0361-1981, E-ISSN 2169-4052Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

One of the major causes of premature failure in asphalt pavements is moisture damage. Asphalt mixtures designed without considering climate impacts may suffer from durability problems caused by movement of water inside the asphalt mixture. Rolling traffic over wet pavement builds up pore pressure in the mixture, which will consequently accelerate deterioration. The objective of the study was to assess the moisture damage to asphalt concrete mixtures by means of complex modulus testing of dry and moisture-conditioned asphalt specimens with various mixture compositions. The asphalt mixtures were conditioned with the Moisture Induced Sensitivity Tester (MIST), which aims to replicate pore pressure in field conditions. The results showed a decline in stiffness modulus and a reduction in elastic properties after MIST conditioning. In addition, the results indicated that binder content and air void content had a significant influence on the reduction in stiffness. To capture the relationship between air void content, binder content, and the reduction in stiffness, a relationship was developed and validated with measurements on cores extracted in the field.

Keywords
Moisture, Damage, Flexible pavement, Porosity, Laboratory (not an organization), Pore water pressure, Modulus of elasticity, Binder content
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
30 Road: Highway design, 32 Road: Pavement design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-13459 (URN)10.1177/0361198118823496 (DOI)2-s2.0-85060931057 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-01-23 Created: 2019-01-23 Last updated: 2019-05-03Bibliographically approved
Ahmed, A. W., Said, S., Lu, X. & Carlsson, H. (2019). Pavement performance follow-up and evaluation of polymer-modified test sections. The international journal of pavement engineering, 20(12), 1474-1487
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pavement performance follow-up and evaluation of polymer-modified test sections
2019 (English)In: The international journal of pavement engineering, ISSN 1029-8436, E-ISSN 1477-268X, Vol. 20, no 12, p. 1474-1487Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Between 2003 and 2006, a test road consisting of several conventional and polymer-modified structures was built on a motorway. Different combinations of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) and ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) polymer-modified binders were used. The test structures have been in service since then and have been monitored for over 9 years. The resistance of the different types of asphalt concrete mixes to rutting and cracking was measured and predicted. The impact of ageing on the mixes was also evaluated. Although all the sections are in good condition after 9 years of traffic, the predicted differences between the test sections based on the PEDRO (Permanent Deformation of asphalt concrete layers for Roads) approach and laboratory evaluations are noticeable. Lateral wander and transverse profile measurements indicated that studded winter tyre wear contributed to most of the rutting compared to permanent deformation due to heavy traffic. The unmodified mixes exhibited considerable ageing and the SBS-modified mixes were least affected by ageing. Furthermore, the SBS-modified base mix produced significantly better fatigue resistance than the conventional base mix. However, further investigations of the relationships between bitumen and mix properties and further follow-ups of the test sections are recommended to validate the findings.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2019
Keywords
Polymer modified bitumen, Experimental road, Motorway, Rutting (wheel), Cracking, Ageing, Fatigue (mater)
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
50 Road: Materials, 51 Road: Bituminous materials and binders
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-12865 (URN)10.1080/10298436.2018.1435878 (DOI)2-s2.0-85041917655 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2018-04-05 Created: 2018-04-05 Last updated: 2022-10-21Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-6308-7487

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