Rapporten presenterar en delstudie, utförd på VTI, som ingår i Naturvårdsverkets regeringsuppdrag kring ladd- och tankinfrastruktur för arbetsmaskiner. Den beskriver övergripande det nuvarande läget inom ett antal olika branscher inom arbetsmaskinssektorn och har ett brett omfång vad gäller de tekniska lösningarna, det vill säga den inkluderar alla typer av elektrifiering, samt tar även upp vätgaslösningar. Delstudien baserar sig på litteraturstudier, information från nyhetskällor, och samtal med representanter för ett urval av relevanta aktörer. 

Ett axplock av exempel på relevanta aktuella piloter i Sverige och utomlands presenteras, både numera avslutade och pågående sådana, där de elektrifierade maskinerna och deras laddningsinfrastruktur beskrivs. Vidare resoneras kring nyckelfaktorer, utmaningar, identifierade trender framåt samt kopplingar till andra relaterade sektorer och deras utveckling.

This study carried out at VTI is a part of a government commission given to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency regarding charging and refueling infrastructure for electrified working machines. The study describes the current status within a number of different industries within the working machine sector and has a wide scope in terms of the technical solutions involved, i.e. it includes all types of electrification, and also covers hydrogen solutions. The study is based on literature review, information from news sources, and conversations with representatives of a selection of relevant actors. 

A list of examples of interesting electrification pilots in Sweden and abroad are briefly presented, both completed and ongoing ones, where the electrified machines and their charging infrastructure are described. Furthermore, factors of importance and main challenges are discussed and related to identified future trends and connections to other related sectors and their electrification development.

Platooning refers to a group of vehicles that--enabled by wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle automation--drives with short inter-vehicular distances. Before its deployment on public roads, several challenging traffic situations need to be handled. Among the challenges are cut-in situations, where a conventional vehicle--a vehicle that has no automation or V2V communication--changes lane and ends up between vehicles in a platoon. This paper presents results from a simulation study of a scenario, where a conventional vehicle, approaching from an on-ramp, merges into a platoon of five cars on a highway. We created the scenario with four platooning gaps: 15, 22.5, 30, and 42.5 meters. During the study, the conventional vehicle was driven by 37 test persons, who experienced all the platooning gaps using a driving simulator. The participants' opinions towards safety, comfort, and ease of driving between the platoon in each gap setting were also collected through a questionnaire. The results suggest that a 15-meter gap prevents most participants from cutting in, while causing potentially dangerous maneuvers and collisions when cut-in occurs. A platooning gap of at least 30 meters yield positive opinions from the participants, and facilitating more smooth cut-in maneuvers while less collisions were observed.

I mars 2022 levererade Trafikverket och samverkande myndigheter (Transportstyrelsen, Sjöfartsverket, Luftfartsverket, Trafikanalys och VTI, Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut) en rapport som sammanfattade den utforskande utvecklingen att utreda en grunddatadomän för transportsystemet.  

Föreliggande rapport är en komplettering till den ursprungliga rapporten och utgör Trafikverkets inklusive samverkande myndigheters sammantagna underlag (utforskande utveckling) för etablering av en grunddatadomän för transportsystemet. Arbetet har bedrivits under ledning av Myndigheten för digital förvaltning (DIGG) med Trafikverket som ansvarig för den utforskande utvecklingen. 

Till rapporten hör en bilaga, se länk till höger.

Ursprunglig rapport: Grunddatadomän transportsystem: Samverkansuppdrag mellan transportmyndigheterna för att bedriva en utforskande utveckling att utreda en grunddatadomän för information kopplat till transportsystemet

This report aims to provide background information on national efforts to establish and govern data within the transport area. The purpose is to support the work of establishing a national data domain for the transport sector in Sweden. 

The focus of the current work has been on transport data, governance of transport data and in particular emphasizing national datasets and national data governance initiatives. 

To find information about this a dual approach was used. Firstly, we have looked for scientific publications in bibliographic databases. Secondly, a request for information within the existing networks of VTI was sent out, this includes both other research providers and authorities across the world. 

The literature found and the replies from the international outreach are very consistent in the need and potential of handling data more efficiently. Most actors describe the need for making data accessible in a consistent way, both to facilitate new applications and to be more efficient in current practices. 

In the scientific literature there are very few if any initiatives that can be directly compared with the Swedish effort to establish a transport data domain on a national level (e.g., Grunddatadomän Transport). Furthermore, there is not much work that quantifies, in monetary values, the cost and benefits of establishing and maintaining data.

Denna rapport syftar till att ge bakgrundsinformation om nationella initiativ runt data kopplat till transportområdet. Syftet är att stödja arbetet med att etablera en nationell grunddatadomän för transportsektorn i Sverige. 

Fokus i det pågående arbetet har legat på förvaltning av transportdata och särskilt nationella datamängder. 

För att hitta information om nationella datainitiativ genomfördes två parallella informationsinsamlingar. För det första har vi letat efter vetenskapliga publikationer i bibliografiska databaser. För det andra skickades en förfrågan om information inom VTI:s befintliga nätverk, detta inkluderar både andra forskningsleverantörer och myndigheter över hela världen. 

Den litteratur som hittades samt de svar som erhölls på utskickad förfrågan är entydiga när det gäller att uttrycka behov av datatillgänglighet som en grundsten för ett framtida transportsystem. De flesta aktörer beskriver behovet av att göra data tillgänglig på ett konsekvent sätt, både för att underlätta nya tillämpningar och för att vara mer effektiva i nuvarande praxis. 

I den vetenskapliga litteraturen finns inga initiativ som direkt kan jämföras med den svenska strävan att etablera en transportdatadomän på nationell nivå (Grunddatadomän Transport). Det går också av omvärldsanalysens litteraturstudie konstatera att det verkar vara få som genomfört kostnads- och nyttoanalyser som kvantifierar värdet av en speciell tillämpning i monetära värden. En slutsats av detta är att nyttovärderingar i dagsläget endast kan göras baserat på kvalitativa resonemang snarare än exakta beräkningar.

An international workshop on safety for powered-two-wheelers (PTWs), Riding in a safe system, was held as a series of virtual meetings 9–23 June 2021. The workshop was co- organized by the International Transport Forum (ITF), the Swedish Transport Administration, the International Motorcycling Federation (FIM), the motorcycle manufacturers associations (IMMA and ACEM), and the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI). The workshop was a follow-up of the Third Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety, held in Stockholm in February 2020, but it also built on a previous workshop in 2008 in Lillehammer and the 2015 ITF research report “Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders” (OECD/ITF, 2015).

Globally the use of PTWs is an important mode of transportation. Improving PTW safety can have a huge impact on reducing fatalities and injuries in the transport system. The aim of the workshop was to gather experts on PTW safety representing all important stakeholders to discuss the nine recommendations of the Academic Expert Group and their application to motorcyclists’ safety. The main goal was to develop a set of priority actions to improve motorcycling safety for the decade 2021–2030, taking regional aspects into account.

Safety culture is the common attitudes, values and perceptions that managers and employees have about safety in the work environment. What characterizes a good safety culture is that management are committed to safety at all levels of the business. Management also rewards safe behavior and communicates safety priorities that engages all employees, which is evident from the behavior one can observe. 

The basic elements of safety culture according to the survey tool NOSAQ are:

• Priorities - know what to do or not to do, to set boundaries
• Leadership – commitment to safety and to reward it
• Communication - clear and rich dialogue
• Engagement- including people in safety work at all levels in the company

When automation progresses, considerations of sustainability and gender equality should be considered with safety culture, to achieve the zero vision and the safe system approach. For professional drivers and controllers of autonomous vehicles the safety culture is of great importance in working and traffic environment. Companies that develop automated vehicles and machines need to acquire knowledge about how to integrate a good safety culture as part of the design and development processes as well as in the implementation of automated vehicles and machines. The aim of this pre-study was to explore safety culture in the development of automated vehicles and machines, to identify new risks and to prevent potential accidents. The scope of the pre-study 36 was to anchor the view of safety culture with industrial partners developing automated vehicles and machines. Through the exchange of knowledge, the need for a model of how to measure and work with safety culture as a factor in the development of automated vehicles, was defined.

An international workshop on safety for powered-two-wheelers (PTWs), Riding in a safe system, was held as a series of virtual meetings 9–23 June 2021. The workshop was co-organised by the International Transport Forum (ITF), the Swedish Transport Administration, the International Motorcycling Federation (FIM), the motorcycle manufacturers associations (IMMA and ACEM), and the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI). The workshop was a follow-up of the Third Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety, held in Stockholm in February 2020, but it also built on a previous workshop in 2008 in Lillehammer and the 2015 ITF research report “Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders”. 

The workshop, which included six expert sessions, focused on seven different areas: (i) Sustainable practices, work-related issues and procurement, (ii) Modal shift and urban needs, (iii) Training, education, and licensing, (iv) Vehicle safety, protective safety, and Intelligent Transport Systems, (v) Road infrastructure and road environment, (vi) Speed management, adapting speeds and behaviour to different environments, (vii) Youth and child safety. 

Eight priority actions were recognized by the workshop to achieve the integration of PTWs in the safe system by 2030. These actions build on the Stockholm declaration and its 9 recommendations. The actions are generalized results from the outcome of the expert sessions. The 8 priority actions from the workshop are: (i) Move to sustainable practice, (ii) Support modal shift, (iii) Adopt safe vehicles and equipment, (iv) Educate safe riders, (v) Redesign infrastructure, (vi) Ensure safe speed, (vii) Protect children, and (viii) increase knowledge. 

Den 9–23 juni 2021 hölls en internationell workshop om säkerhet för motoriserade tvåhjulingar. Workshopen, Riding in a safe system, hölls som en serie virtuella möten och arrangerades av International Transport Forum (ITF), Trafikverket, Internationella motorcykelförbundet (FIM), motorcykeltillverkarnas föreningar IMMA och ACEM, samt Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI). Workshopen var en uppföljning av den tredje globala ministerkonferensen om trafiksäkerhet, som hölls i Stockholm i februari 2020, men den byggde också på en tidigare workshop 2008 i Lillehammer och 2015 års ITF-rapport Improving Safety for Motorcycle, Scooter and Moped Riders. 

Workshopens centrala del bestod av sex expertsessioner som fokuserade på sju olika områden: (i) hållbar trafiksäkerhet, arbetsmiljöfrågor och upphandling, (ii) byte av färdsätt och mobilitet i staden, (iii) träning, utbildning och körkortstagande, (iv) fordonssäkerhet, skyddsutrustning och intelligenta transportsystem, (v) väginfrastruktur och vägmiljö, (vi) hastighetsanpassning och efterlevnad i olika miljöer, (vii) säkerhet för barn och unga. 

Workshopen utmynnade i åtta prioriterade åtgärder för att förbättra trafiksäkerheten för motoriserade tvåhjulingar och integrera dessa i ett säkert trafiksystem (Safe System) till 2030. Åtgärderna bygger, förutom på workshopen, också på Stockholmsdeklarationen som togs fram vid ministerkonferensen och dess 9 rekommendationer. De åtta prioriterade åtgärderna från workshopen är: (1) övergå till hållbar trafiksäkerhet, (2) stöd byte av färdsätt, (3) inför säkra fordon och skyddsutrustning, (4) utbilda säkra förare, (5) designa om infrastrukturen, (6) säkerställ säker hastighet, (7) skydda barn och unga och (8) ta fram ny kunskap. 

Syftet med förstudien var att förankra synen på säkerhetskultur hos industripartners genom kunskapsutbyte på ett flertal workshops, samt att undersöka lämplig undersökningsdesign för en kommande större studie. Olika arbetsmodeller har presenterats som syftar till att stödja en process för att integrera säkerhetskultur i design och implementering av autonoma fordon. Likaså har olika mätmetoder från säkerhetskulturforskningen presenterats för att kunna anpassas till autonoma fordon och maskinutveckling samt att inkludera mätningar av hållbarhet och jämställdhet. Arbetet med säkerhetskultur behöver utvecklas inom automation av fordon och maskiner, för att förverkliga den potential som finns inom industrin för att nå nollvisionen i trafiksäkerhetsarbetet.

Safety culture needs to be developed within the automotive and logistic industry. When automation progresses, considerations of sustainability and gender equality should be integrated with safety culture, to realize the potential that exists in getting the industry to work and produce safe products and services. What characterizes a good safety culture is that management engages in and handles safety issues at all levels of the business. Management also rewards safe behavior and communicates safety priorities that engages all employees, and which is evident from the behavior one can observe. Companies that develop autonomous vehicles and machines need to acquire knowledge on how to integrate a good safety culture while designing and implementing automated vehicles and machines.

Cut-in situations occurs when a vehicle intentionally changes lane and ends up in front of another vehicle or in-between two vehicles. In such situations, having a method to indicate the collision risk prior to making the cut-in maneuver could potentially reduce the number of sideswipe and rear end collisions caused by the cut-in maneuvers. This paper propose a new risk indicator, namely cut-in risk indicator (CRI), as a way to indicate and potentially foresee collision risks in cut-in situations. As an example use case, we applied CRI on data from a driving simulation experiment involving a manually driven vehicle and an automated platoon in a highway merging situation. We then compared the results with time-to-collision (TTC), and suggest that CRI could correctly indicate collision risks in a more effective way. CRI can be computed on all vehicles involved in the cut-in situations, not only for the vehicle that is cutting in. Making it possible for other vehicles to estimate the collision risk, for example if a cut-in from another vehicle occurs, the surrounding vehicles could be warned and have the possibility to react in order to potentially avoid or mitigate accidents.

Connected and automated driving in the context of cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) is an emerging area in transport systems research. Interaction and cooperation between actors in transport systems are now enabled by the connectivity by means of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2X) communication. To ensure the goals of C-ITS, which are safer and more efficient transport systems, testing and evaluation are required before deployment of C-ITS applications. Therefore, this paper presents a simulation framework-consisting of driving-, traffic-, and network-simulators-for testing and evaluation of C-ITS applications. Examples of cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) applications are presented, and are used as test cases for the simulation framework as well as to elaborate on potential use cases of it. Challenges from combining the simulators into one framework, and limitations are reported and discussed. Finally, the paper concludes with future development directions, and applications of the simulation framework in testing and evaluation of C-ITS.