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  • Kircher, Katja
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, The Human in the Transport system..
    Niska, Anna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Overtaking cyclists in mixed traffic: Knowledge basis for recommendations for safer cycling2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report relates to a part of the government commission that the Swedish Transport Agency received in autumn 2021: to analyse and, if necessary, submit proposals on how an adaptation of traffic rules can promote safe overtaking of cyclists. The Swedish Transport Agency was also tasked to analyse the need for other changes to traffic rules that could lead to an increase in the proportion of road users travelling by bicycle. They engaged us to assist with a compilation of the state-of-the-art about cyclists' spatial requirements based on current research. That assignment only covered cycling on separated cycle paths and has been reported in VTI rapport 1155 "Spatial requirements of cyclists - Knowledge basis for recommendations for designing cycling infrastructure". This report presents additional material that was compiled at the same time, but which was not included in the assignment from the Swedish Transport Agency.

    This report compiles knowledge about spatial requirements of cyclists when being overtaken, mainly on rural roads, considering accessibility, traffic safety and security for cyclists. The report also touches on related issues such as the lateral positioning of cyclists and cycling abreast. These two topics also affect the spatial requirements on cycle paths, which means that parts of the information taken up here is also included in VTI rapport 1155. The results in the report are based on an international compilation of regulations regarding cycling and relevant research literature with respect to "keeping to the right", "cycling abreast", "cycling on the road" and "overtaking of cyclists".

    The research shows that measures are required to ensure that overtaking of cyclists by motorists in mixed traffic becomes safe and is perceived as safe by the cyclists. This is a basic prerequisite for increased and safe cycling, not least on rural roads. Possible measures are rule adaptations (which is discussed in the report), information campaigns or improvements to the infrastructure for cyclists. A difficulty with today's regulation is determining what a "safe distance" implies. Further research on the topic is needed to be able to provide clearer guidance.

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  • Persson, Per
    et al.
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Municipality of Sundsvall, Sweden.
    Zhang, Yixin
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Asatiani, Aleksandre
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Lindman, Juho
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Rudmark, Daniel
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Toward Citizen-Centered Digital Government: Design Principles Guided Legacy System Renewal in A Swedish Municipality2024In: Proceedings of the 57th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences / [ed] Tung X. Bui, ScholarSpace , 2024, p. 1963-1972Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Transformation towards a digital government imposes significant demands on the capabilities of legacy infrastructure. We closely followed a Swedish municipality that designed and implemented a solution to improve the building permit application process with an aim to improve citizen service. We developed six design principles (DPs): availability, timeliness, actionability, transparency, personalization, and generalizability. These DPs guide the solution design and provide a seamless application experience for citizens and business owners. We also discuss the reasoning behind the design choices and the implications of the solution. The artifact encompasses understanding citizens’ needs, identifying constraints of the legacy systems, formulating design principles, and developing architectural designs. However, addressing the social aspects of legacy systems, such as organizational culture change, necessitates additional steps, and is worth investigation in future studies.

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  • Svensson, Nina
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Lundberg, Joacim
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Gustafsson, Mats
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Janhäll, Sara
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
    Kulovuori, Sami
    Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
    The effect of a porous pavement on air quality in comparison to a dense pavement2024In: Proceedings of the 25th International Transport & Air Pollution (TAP) and the 3rd Shipping & Environment (S&E) Conference, Publications Office of the European Union , 2024, p. 561-561Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Porous pavements are used because of their ability to remove water from the road surface, thus reducing the risk of aquaplaning, as well as reducing road traffic noise from the road/tyre interaction. Previous studies (e.g. Norman et al. 2017) have shown that porous pavements also can have positive effects on air quality. This study aims to investigate this effect and its causes further.

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  • Svensson, Nina
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Genell, Anders
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Gustafsson, Mats
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Olstam, Johan
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Gebrehiwot, Rihanna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Bhattacharyya, Kinjal
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Sjöblom, Jonas
    Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Effects of Geofencing on Exhaust Emissions and Noise: A combined Test Track and Traffic Simulation Study2024In: Proceedings of the 25th International Transport & Air Pollution (TAP) and the 3rd Shipping & Environment (S&E) Conference, Publications Office of the European Union , 2024, p. 51-56Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Speed-limiting geofencing has been suggested as a mean to improve both traffic safety and to reduce emissions from road transport. However, there is limited knowledge of the effect of geo-fencing on air quality and noise. In this project we have performed a combined measurement and modelling study to evaluate the effects of geofencing on traffic performance, traffic safety (described elsewhere), exhaust and noise emissions.

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  • Silvano, Ary P.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Exploring alternative data sources for estimating traffic index variations, traffic flow ranks, and the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT): Insights and outcomes from a workshop2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A workshop on enhancing traffic variation estimation, led by VTI, was carried out focusing on alternative data sources for estimating traffic index variations over the year, so-called traffic indices (i.e., monthly, weekday, hourly) and traffic flow ranks (i.e., ranking the hours with the highest indices), as critical metrics for understanding traffic patterns. Moreover, these alternative data sources can potentially improve and complement the estimation of the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT).

    The workshop highlighted the limitations of current methodologies relying on data from fixed counting points and the need for integrating a wider array of data sources to capture the complex dynamics of traffic more accurately. Therefore, the primary objective was to explore alternative data sources for estimating traffic index variations over the year to better capture and understand regional and local traffic variations. Discussions centered around the potential of mobile cellular network data, satellite imagery, and vehicle probe data, each presenting unique characteristics and uncertainties. Mobile cellular network data showed promising in providing continuous traffic data but raised concerns about data representation and privacy. Satellite data offered high spatial resolution yet faced challenges in data management and necessitated integration and validation against traditional methods. Vehicle probe data, providing mostly urban coverage, highlighted limitations of market penetration, but has the potential of integrating additional sensor technologies.

    The conclusion emphasized the crucial role of diverse data sources in advancing traffic analysis, pointing out the need to address uncertainties like data representativeness, privacy concerns, technical integration, and sound validation methods in harnessing these alternative data sources. Furthermore, the workshop advocated for collaborative efforts among stakeholders (i.e., authorities, data providers, academia, end-user’s consultancy firms) to refine these alternative data sources and develop new analytical tools for a better understanding of traffic variations.

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  • Vadeby, Anna
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Howard, Christian
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Spot speed cameras in a series: Effects on speed and traffic safety2024In: Accident Analysis and Prevention, ISSN 0001-4575, E-ISSN 1879-2057, Vol. 199, article id 107525Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reduced speeds and increased speed compliance are crucial for achieving increased road traffic safety, cutting across most Safe System interventions. Speed cameras have been shown to be effective in increasing speed compliance and reducing the number of fatalities and seriously injured. The speed cameras system in Sweden is different compared to many other countries, spot speed cameras are almost always placed in series along a road stretch. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of this system on mean speeds, speed compliance, and on the number of fatalities and seriously injured. Including 20 years of data, the study applies before-after analysis to 361 speed measurement spots, and Empirical Bayes before-after analysis with control to crash outcomes on 202 road sections.

    The results show a mean speed decrease of 3.5 km/h for all vehicles and road sections, 7.9 km/h at cameras and 3.0 km/h between cameras. Furthermore, follow-up measurements showed that the effects were maintained long-term. Speed compliance increased 16 %-units, 42 %-units at cameras and 13 %-units between cameras. Though larger effects can be seen at cameras, there are still substantial effects on the enforced road sections between cameras. The cameras had an average effect of 38.6 % on decreasing fatalities and may also suggest a decrease for seriously injured, though not statistically significant. This study also shows that for roads that received both a decreased speed limit from 90 to 80 km/h and speed cameras, the mean speeds were reduced by additionally 3.6 km/h compared to roads with unchanged limits of 90 km/h. The combined effect on fatalities and seriously injured was a reduction by 61.6 % and 33.4 %.

    In conclusion, the Swedish strategy with spot speed cameras in a series led to an increased speed compliance and a comprehensive reduction in mean speeds and of the number of fatalities.

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  • Vadeby, Anna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System.
    Hastigheter på kommunala gator i tätort: Resultat från mätningar år 20232024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2020, the Swedish Parliament passed a resolution stating that between 2020 and 2030 the number of fatalities and seriously injured from road traffic crashes should be reduced by 50 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively. To monitor progress toward this goal, national follow-up studies are conducted to examine trends in the numbers of people killed and seriously injured, in conjunction with several other indicators. One of these indicators is speed limit compliance on municipality streets; the milestone here is to have at least 80 per cent of all traffic travelling within the speed limit. The aim of the present study is to report mean speeds and speed limit compliance for 2023 on the main municipality streets in Sweden. The measurements were carried out during the month of September 2021 in 23 different locations in Sweden and include the main municipality streets with speed limits of 40–70 km/h. 

    The results show that in 2023 the space-mean-speed for all vehicles on the studied main municipality roads was 46.7 km/h. When categorized by speed limit, the space-mean-speed was 38.6 km/h for the 40 km/h speed limit, 47.0 km/h for 50 km/h, 53.9 km/h for 60 km/h, and 62.5 km/h for the 70 km/h speed limit. With respect to speed violations, overall, 63 per cent of drivers obeyed the speed limit. 

    In conclusion, the lack of speed compliance remains a problem, especially on streets with speed limit 40 km/h. Primarily, the speed limit compliance on roads with lower speed limits must be improved to reach the goal of 80 per cent compliance by 2030.

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  • Ryan, Jean
    et al.
    Division of Transport and Roads, Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; Centre for Ageing and Supportive Environments, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
    Svensson, Helena
    Division of Transport and Roads, Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden.
    Rosenkvist, Jenny
    Centre of Research on Welfare Health and Sport, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Sweden .
    Schmidt, Steven
    Centre for Ageing and Supportive Environments, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
    Wretstrand, Anders
    Division of Transport and Roads, Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden.
    Cycling in later life: To cycle or not to cycle2015In: TRANSED 2015: Proceedings from the 14th International Conference on Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons / [ed] Rosário Macário, Técnico Lisboa , 2015, p. B335-B336Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The importance of introducing measures to increase the modal share of cycling has come to the fore in both policy and research in recent years. The benefits of increased cycling are wide-ranging; with cycling often considered to contribute to more attractive public spaces, increased safety, and more sustainable urban life. However, these increases are largely attributed to commuter traffic, with older persons somewhat underrepresented. There is, however, some evidence to suggest that developing strategies for cycling promotion across the lifespan, and particularly into later life, would allow people to continue travelling by bicycle as they age. Employing a mixed method approach, this study aims to gain a greater insight into cycling as a mode of transport among those in later life. The study explores (1) the key differences between older cyclists and older non-cyclists; (2) the perceptions of older cyclists in relation to cycling as a mode of transport; and (3) the factors which are associated with cycling cessation in later life. A survey aimed to capture the trends at play when it comes to cycling among those aged 65-85 living in Malmö city. Two focus groups were carried out in order to gain a deeper insight into older persons’ perspectives and perceptions with respect to cycling. The focus group discussion guide comprised two main themes: ‘Reasons for cycling/not cycling’; and ‘The cycling experience in Malmö’. The results of this study suggest that campaigns aimed at increasing the awareness and consideration of other road users towards older cyclists, as well as the introduction of clearer and more visible signage could support older cyclists in prolonging their cycling, as well as improving the experience they have as they do cycle. Increasing awareness of the health benefits of cycling could be another means of encouraging people to continue cycling as they age.

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  • Paulsson, Alexander
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige.
    Holmberg, Bengt
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Scholten, Christina
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Malmö högskola, Sverige.
    Ronnle, Erik
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Pettersson, Fredrik
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Paulsson, Gert
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Svensson, Helena
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Ryan, Jean
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Stjernborg, Vanessa
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Malmö högskola, Sverige.
    Hamidi, Zahra
    K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik, Lund, Sverige; Malmö högskola, Sverige.
    Förändrade förutsättningar för framtidens kollektivtrafik: Trender och mottrender2016Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Rapporten syftar till att, utifrån befintlig forskning, identifiera trender och mottrender som kan komma att påverka kollektivtrafiken på medellång och lång sikt. Analysen har genomförts utifrån sex olika områden som identifierats i samarbete med Trafikförvaltningen vid Stockholms läns landsting. I rapporten konstateras att globala krafter påverkar kollektivtrafiken på flera sätt, genom framväxten av en global marknad för kollektivtrafikaktörer och genom demografiska och ekonomiska förändringar som förändrar behovet av kollektivtrafik. Demografiska förändringar medför att Sverige befolkning antar en delvis ny skepnad med en växande befolkning och med fortsatt stark dragningskraft till storstadsregionerna. Det finns osäkerheter kring hur eventuella beteendeförändringar bland yngre befolkningsgrupper kommer att påverka transportsystemet. Fortsatt urbanisering, i världen men också i Sverige, ställer stora krav på att samordnad planering så att de möjligheter ökad koncentration gerkan tillvaratas och de negativa konsekvenserna kan mildras. Hållbarhetsbegreppet håller på att breddas till att, utöver miljö, i ökad utsträckning också inkludera ekonomiska och sociala dimensioner. Det påverkar synen på kollektivtrafikens roll för att uppnå hållbarhetsmål i samhället. Informationsteknikens utveckling i kombination med ambitioner att uppnå en mer hållbar mobilitet skapar drivkrafter för ett ökat fokus på hela resan, där nya mobilitetstjänster kan fungera som komplement eller supplement till kollektivtrafiken. I rapporten konstateras avslutningsvis att kraven på kostnadseffektivitet i offentlig verksamhet kommer att fortsätta forma hur kollektivtrafiken organiseras och styrs, men att det ännu är för tidigt att säga om någon ny, enhetlig modell ersätter New Public Management som dominerat inriktningen de senaste decennierna. Ökad samverkan på frivillig grund och mellan självständiga aktörer kommer sannolikt vara centralt under överskådlig tid.

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  • Schmidt, Steven M.
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Wretstrand, Anders
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Ryan, Jean
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Findings from a capability-based travel survey among the young-old living in Sweden’s large metropolitan regions2019Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of this study was to conduct an empirical investigation of disparities in mobility opportunities among the young-old living in Sweden’s large metropolitan regions. By drawing on Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach, this study aimed to identify which resources and characteristics among those aged 65-79 are associated with fewer mobility opportunities relative to peers. By focusing on mobility opportunities or capabilities (instead of proxies for capability), the disparities reflecting equity concerns could be more clearly depicted. The research material comprised 1,149 interviews with representative samples living in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö's large metropolitan regions. Links were identified between social resources, holding a driving license, access to public transport, income, health condition and chronological age and capabilities. These results call for a greater focus on capabilities in travel surveys and a more fine-grained approach to policymaking by accounting for intersectionality effects. In this way, more targeted and holistic policy measures – combining different aspects of everyday life – can be developed.

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  • Ryan, Jean
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Pereira, Rafael H. M.
    IPEA – Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasília, Brazil.
    How to assess accessibility: subjective accounts, objective measures, or both?2019In: Towards human scale cities - open and happy: 15th biennial NECTAR conference: conference book of abstracts / [ed] Tuuli Toivonen; Karst Geurs; Elias Willberg, Helsinki: Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki , 2019, p. 40-Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The transport literature increasingly recognises accessibility as a key purpose of transport policies. Disparities in accessibility among population groups form a central concern in discussions surrounding transport equity. However, there is no consensus as to how accessibility should be defined or measured. 

    Calculated levels of accessibility using data on land use and the transport system (‘objective’ indicators) are influenced by the observer’s values and assumptions, while accessibility analyses based only on self-reported information (‘subjective’ indicators) are often linked to dependence paths and self-selection processes. 

    This study includes a focus on both objective and subjective indicators of accessibility; the former, a composite measure of individual activity-based accessibility; and the latter, comprising individuals’ own perceptions of their capability to access valuable out-of-home activities. This study has three objectives: (1) to more accurately represent individual accessibility by combining both objective and subjective indicators; (2) to examine the distribution of these two indicators; and (3) to analyse whether and how these two indicators differ. 

    The self-reported indicator was based on a survey of people aged 65-79 living in Sweden’s large metropolitan regions: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The objective indicator was developed using door-to-door travel times to a typology of ‘necessary’ and ‘discretionary’ activities, including supermarkets, healthcare facilities, sports facilities and cultural activities. Travel times were calculated using activity-based multimodal transport modelling with OpenTripPlanner, road network data from OpenStreetMap and public transport data in General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format. The data were analysed using factor analysis, logistic regressions, chi-square analyses and descriptive statistics. 

    The results of this study allow us to gain a greater insight into the ways in which the two accounts differ and can complement one another, what is overlooked by focusing on only one account, and the distribution of both objective and subjective accessibility for transport equity analysis.

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  • Zhao, Chunli
    et al.
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Ryan, Jean
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Wretstrand, Anders
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Policy instruments for a more transport efficient society: A pre-study comparing the cases of California and Sweden2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this report is to provide summary information of the policy instruments that have either been implemented or are under discussion in order to reduce vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT) by cars and trucks in the state of California and in Sweden. The summary is based on a review of policy documents, reports and scientific papers that are relevant for both cases, as well as interviews with a senior policy advisor from California, and a professor with more than 30 years of experience in a wide range of issues within the fields of transport analysis, transport modelling and transport policy within the Swedish context, from Lund University, Sweden. In both cases, reducing VKT is mainly linked to reaching policy goals of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In both cases, this is considered an effective strategy for reducing GHG emissions. However, both cases appear to be engaged in an exploratory process with respect to the development of both policy and policy instruments for reducing VKT, even if the cases appear to be in slightly different stages of this exploratory process.

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  • Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Resvanor och tillgänglighet för boende i Riksten, Botkyrka kommun: Efterstudie2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ett mindre antal medborgare i Riksten i Botkyrka kommun har fått prova på hur ett möjligt framtida mobilitetssystem kan se ut genom så kallad living-lab-metod. Innan dess genomfördes en enkätundersökning för att kartlägga de vardagliga resorna och önskemål om olika mobilitetstjänster bland samtliga vuxna invånare i Riksten. Efter att Living Lab Riksten avslutades genomfördes en efterstudie som redovisas i denna dokumentation. Målgruppen var samtliga folkbokförda i Riksten som var 18 år och äldre. De fick möjlighet att besvara en webbenkät om bland annat hushållets tillgång till olika färdsätt, vilka färdsätt som användes för olika ärenden och vilka typer av  mobilitetstjänster som hade använts och vilka som vore intressanta att få till stånd i Riksten. Svar från 120 personer har analyserats, av dessa besvarade 38 personer före enkäten vilket har möjliggjort jämförelser på individnivå.

    Sammanfattningsvis höll 65–70 procent i princip med om eller höll helt och fullt med om att tillgängligheten var god till det man ville göra, att alla önskvärda aktiviteter kunde genomföras på ett enkelt sätt och att man kunde leva det liv man ville. I den mindre gruppen som deltagit i bägge enkätstudierna, noterades ingen förändring av inställningen till dessa påståenden när ett sammanfattande mått togs fram. Leveransboxar var den tillgänglighetstjänst som störst andel visade intresse för, 56 procent. Närmare hälften av respondenterna ville ha möjlighet att ladda en elbil vid exempelvis mobilitetshubbar. Omkring 15 procent önskade att det gick att hyra elsparkcyklar eller att en delningstjänst för konventionella cyklar skapades.

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  • Ryan, Jean
    et al.
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Centre for Ageing and Supportive Environments, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden.
    Zingmark, Magnus
    Health and Social Care Administration, Municipality of Östersund, Sweden; Centre for Ageing and Supportive Environments, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
    Examining the Use and Non-use of Special Transport Services in Sweden’s Large City-Regions: The Last Resort?2022In: Findings, E-ISSN 2652-8800Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examines the extent of the gap between the proportions of survey respondents reporting (1) having the possibility to use and (2) using special transport services (STS) compared to the corresponding gaps for other transport modes. For persons eligible for STS, differences between those who use them and those who do not use them are explored. The frequencies with which these two groups leave the home are then compared. Those aged 65-69, those with higher self-rated health and those cohabiting were less likely to use STS, despite being eligible. Those using STS tend to leave the home less often.

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  • Nichols, Aaron
    et al.
    Technical University of Munich, Germany.
    Ryan, Jean
    Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    How accessibility to schools is not (just) a transport problem: the case of public school choice in the city of Malmö, Sweden2023In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 15, article id 41Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is currently a lack of studies exploring how transport investments and school admission policies in a city can affect the distribution of accessibility to schools. The aim of this study is to investigate if, for whom, and the ways in which, accessibility to schools can change following (1) a change to the city’s public school admission policy and (2) investments in public transport infrastructure and adjustments to the public transport system. We draw on the case of Malmö, Sweden to examine the potential effects of these changes. This study is focused specifically on those in grades 7–9 (aged approximately 13–15), a group whose independent mobility is starting to take form. A geospatial analysis was carried out in order to compare the change in demographic makeup between school catchment areas (real and hypothetical) before and after the changes were made. The geospatial analysis utilises a cumulative opportunity accessibility model that takes into account typical public transport travel times both before and after these new measures were implemented. Findings indicate that the (hypothetical) school catchment areas have been redistributed to a considerable extent following both interventions, but particularly following the change to the public school admission policy. These redistributions have in turn resulted in changes in the socio-economic characteristics of the hypothetical school catchment areas. While the redistribution of school catchment areas could potentially change the socio-economic composition of schools in Malmö, the effects are not equally distributed throughout the city. While the addition of the new train line was the main focus of this study, it was found that other changes in the public transport system between 2018 and 2019 also played a role in determining which schools students could and could not access. 

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  • Ryan, Jean
    et al.
    Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Wretstrand, Anders
    Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Improving coherence in a cross-border public transport system: Lessons from the Greater Copenhagen Region2020In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 12, no 15, article id 6208Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Greater Copenhagen is often cited as a good example of cross-border cooperation. Shared historical contexts and socio-political willingness have meant that considerable resources have been invested into the development of infrastructure in this region. The Öresund fixed link constitutes the most important element of this infrastructure, facilitating a cross-border public transport system which ties the region together. This public transport system in turn underpins the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the cross-border region. The aim of this study is to investigate the issues at play with respect to improving the coherence of this cross-border public transport system, in relation to ticketing and public transport information in particular. This study comprises the compilation and analysis of the perspectives of the actors involved in and affected by the development of the cross-border transport system. In total, twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted. Six predominant themes emerged from the analysis of the empirical material: "Focus on the customer", "The Other Side", "Tidying up at home first", "Political challenges", "Back to basics" and "The low-hanging fruits". It became apparent that the prioritization of internal and organizational issues in the first instance could mean compromises, not only for cross-border cooperation but also for the customer's (the passenger's) experience. Results suggest that improvements to coherence in this transport system will most likely take the form of incremental changes and adopting common standards. This is opposed to the development of common systems, or of a significant departure from existing systems.

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  • Ryan, Jean
    et al.
    Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Pereira, Rafael H.M.
    Ipea Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasilia, Brazil.
    Andersson, Magnus
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, Sweden.
    Accessibility and space-time differences in when and how different groups (choose to) travel2023In: Journal of Transport Geography, ISSN 0966-6923, E-ISSN 1873-1236, Vol. 111, article id 103665Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A fair distribution of accessibility to key activities is a central concern for distributive justice in transport planning. This implies that disparities in accessibility and the negative effects associated with a lack of accessibility should be mitigated. However, even though accessibility is not purely spatial or static, it is conventionally treated as if it were. Several studies have significantly advanced the spatio-temporal representation of accessibility. However, there is still a lack of focus on how these dynamics affect different groups of people with differing socio-economic and demographic characteristics and how these dynamics might influence their travel mode choice. The aim of this paper is to analyse how differences in accessibility to the workplace by public transport during multiple times of the day are associated with the time period in which different groups of people commute to work, and how the flexibility of individuals' time constraints might influence whether they can and do commute using public transport. Using a transport justice-focused time geography perspective, this study draws on the spatio-temporal aspects of people's real activities based on travel survey data for the Stockholm Region. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the differences in accessibility to the workplace by public transport across multiple departure time periods; showing how these results compare with mode choice (if there is a choice); and revealing which socio-economic, demographic and geographical factors characterise these differences. This study also illustrates how a transport justice-focused time geography approach could help researchers have a more detailed and nuanced understanding of the relationship between accessibility and sustainable travel behaviour, and how this relationship might change at different times of the day. 

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  • Ryan, Jean
    et al.
    Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; CASE, Centre for Ageing and Supportive Environments, Lund University, Sweden.
    Pereira, Rafael H.M.
    Ipea Institute for Applied Economic Research, Brasilia, Brazil.
    What are we missing when we measure accessibility?: Comparing calculated and self-reported accounts among older people2021In: Journal of Transport Geography, ISSN 0966-6923, E-ISSN 1873-1236, Vol. 93, article id 103086Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Accessibility is increasingly recognised as a key purpose of transport policies. Most of the common practices found both in academic studies and policy planning draw on relatively simple accessibility measures taken as ‘objective’ indicators that only focus on the interaction between land use and transport. Relatively little attention has been paid to heterogeneity in individual characteristics and in self-reported perceptions of accessibility (‘subjective’ indicators), and the corresponding differences with respect to available modal options. This study includes a comparison of (1) ‘objective’ indicators of accessibility to key activities by various modes of transport; and (2) individuals' own perceptions of their capability to access valuable out-of-home activities and the modal options available to them. This study examines the key differences between the two representations of accessibility. The calculated measure was developed using door-to-door travel times to supermarkets and healthcare centres using OpenTripPlanner. The self-reported measure was based on a dedicated capability-oriented travel survey of people aged 65–79 in Sweden's large metropolitan regions: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary and multinomial logistic regressions. The results of this study allow us to gain a greater insight into the ways in which the two accounts differ and can complement one another. We find that conventional methods, by overlooking the heterogeneity in people's perceptions of their accessibility, tend to overestimate accessibility levels and underestimate accessibility inequalities. This study shows how perceived accounts of accessibility can be incorporated into conventional accessibility models and improve accessibility analyses.

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  • Bohman, Helena
    et al.
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, Sweden.
    Ryan, Jean
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; .
    Stjernborg, Vanessa
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, Sweden; Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Désirée
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, Sweden.
    A study of changes in everyday mobility during the Covid-19 pandemic: As perceived by people living in Malmö, Sweden2021In: Transport Policy, ISSN 0967-070X, E-ISSN 1879-310X, Vol. 106, p. 109-119Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden's strategy to manage the spread of Covid-19 has not included any form of lockdown, in contrast to the approaches adopted by most other countries. Instead, the strategy has been largely based on strong recommendations for society. Even though Sweden has not had any form of lockdown, the Covid-19 pandemic has during a relatively short period of time brought changes for society, significantly disrupting everyday life. The pandemic poses both challenges and opportunities for sustainable future transport, not least public transport provision, supply and use. The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes for society have translated into changes for mobility as an element of everyday life during the early stages of a pandemic. This study draws on a map-based online survey (public participatory GIS) which was purposefully designed to allow people to contribute with their experiences in order to capture how the current situation has affected several different facets of people's everyday life. Results suggest that effects on mobility, such as the possibility to telework, affect different groups differently and may exacerbate existing differences in terms of gender, geography and mobility. In order to mitigate negative effects, transport policy needs to be tailored in order to take these heterogeneities into account. Both spatio-temporal adjustment and modal adjustment were dominant themes for most activities, although the dominance of these themes varied among the activities. Our findings give an indication of both the short and long-term impacts on everyday mobility in the Swedish context, for groups of inhabitants in the city of Malmö. Through deepening our understanding of the processes at play, we suggest eight possible policy responses that can be carefully tailored, both in the interim and into the future.

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  • Ryan, Jean
    Division of Transport and Roads, Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Centre for Ageing and Supportive Environments, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
    Examining the process of modal choice for everyday travel among older people2020In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, ISSN 1661-7827, E-ISSN 1660-4601, Vol. 17, no 3, article id 691Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modal choice is a prominent concept within transport studies. However, the term is often used quite loosely, with little known about the factors lying behind the choice, the alternatives available to a person, and whether the person had a ‘choice’ to begin with. This study draws on a travel survey among older people living in Sweden’s large metropolitan regions. The questions posed as part of this survey facilitate a greater insight into the processes at play behind modal choice. An analysis of the differences between: (1) the range of modal options available to respondents and (2) the modes selected from this range (modal choice) is presented. An analysis of the respondents’ reasoning for choosing the modes they did and not the others they could have chosen is also presented. It was found that more than a quarter of respondents have the option to use and actually use all modes for everyday travel. The car is more inclined to be selected among those who have a range of different modal options. Suitability and comfort are the two main reasons given for modal choice. More positive reasons are given for actively selecting walking and cycling, whereas the motives behind the selection of the car instead tend to be framed as reasons for not selecting other modes. Adaptive preference and adjustment effects are also apparent in the selection processes. This study gives us a deeper understanding of the intricate mechanisms and reasoning at play behind the process of modal choice among this group. In this way, we have a better basis for shaping and implementing measures to promote and encourage sustainable mobility, in such a way that the well‐being of older people is also supported. 

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  • Ryan, Jean
    et al.
    K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden.
    Martens, Karel
    Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Amado Building, Technion City, Haifa, Israel.
    Defining and implementing a sufficient level of accessibility: What’s stopping us?2023In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, ISSN 0965-8564, E-ISSN 1879-2375, Vol. 175, article id 103792Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent transport equity literature has proposed a sufficientarian approach to transport planning, according to which all individuals would be entitled to a minimum level of accessibility deemed adequate or sufficient. The implementation of this approach would require the adoption of an accessibility standard as a key performance indicator guiding transport investments, land use planning and service provision. While accessibility measures are increasingly operationalised in professional practice, the adoption of actual accessibility standards is rare. In this paper, we explore the barriers for adopting explicit accessibility standards and identify conditions within which such standards could be acceptable to practitioners and policymakers. The paper draws on interviews with professionals in three city-regions in Sweden, complemented with interviews with practitioners from the Flanders region in Belgium and from the UK. We find that authorities are hesitant to define and measure accessibility and that where definitions and performance indicators exist, there is a lack of agreement within and across authorities. The prospect of introducing a standard across the board without attaching any conditions comprises a further reason for shying away from standard-setting. The (dis)integration of transport and land use and complicated administrative and governance structures are described as a further barrier, while demand responsive transport is in some cases considered a panacea to all accessibility problems, making it possible to avoid setting standards. Our findings suggest that standards for minimum accessibility could gain political support if their reach is clearly circumscribed, and their benefits are clearly understood.

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  • Patten, Christopher
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Ceci, Ruggero
    Trafikverket.
    Engström, Johan
    Anund, Anna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, The Human in the Transport system..
    Tunnel driving and the effects of visual design: ViP simulator study2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Driving in tunnels is generally considered to be more dangerous than other type of road because, in the event of an accident in the tunnel, emergency and rescue teams are hampered by the tunnel environment. Moreover, a relatively minor incident such as a vehicle fire on the hard shoulder of an open-air motorway can have devastating consequences for everyone in the tunnel. Tunnels can, however, solve a number of traffic management problems in cities such as Stockholm. The main purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that enhanced optical cues increase lateral control and reduce driver workload in tunnel driving. Participants were run twice; in a tired state and in a normal alert state. There were four different scenarios. A Highway, a tunnel with minimal lighting and design characteristics, a tunnel with supporting ceiling lights which is similar to a modern tunnel where the lights follow the road geometry, and a tunnel that had misleading ceiling lights. The order for the driver's state and the scenarios was balanced. The tunnels were 17 km long.

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  • Witzell, Jacob
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Planering för klimatomställning: utmaningar och behov i gränssnittet mellan kommunal och nationell transportplanering2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Viable Cities har under 2020 tecknat avtal, så kallade klimatkontrakt, med nio städer i syfte att stärka samverkan för städernas klimatomställning. Under 2021 har ytterligare 14 städer tecknat motsvarande avtal. Med anledning av det arbete som pågår i Viable Cities vill Trafikverket undersöka om det finns hinder rörande organisering och finansiering av transportsystemets utveckling som fördröjer städers omställning. En viktig fråga är huruvida Trafikverkets nuvarande organisation i tillräcklig grad är anpassad för att interagera med kommunerna i omställningsarbetet. I förstudien undersöks dessa frågor genom intervjuer med samhällsplanerare inom Trafikverket och tjänstepersoner i kommunerna Umeå, Uppsala och Göteborg, som alla tecknade klimatkontrakt under 2020. En målsättning är att arbetet ska bidra till städernas klimatomställning. En del av arbetet med förstudien har varit inriktat på att etablera kontaktytor med nämnda kommuner och Trafikverksregioner som skulle kunna bilda en grund för organisering och samverkan i en eventuell huvudstudie. En andra del har handlat om att ge en överblick över strategier och planeringsinriktningar av betydelse för transportsystemets omställning i de tre städerna. En tredje, huvudsaklig, del av arbetet har utgjorts av diskussioner kring nyttor och möjligheter med att genomföra en huvudstudie.

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  • Hellman, Fredrik
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology.
    Haraldsson, MattiasSwedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport.
    Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 20242024Conference proceedings (editor) (Other academic)
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  • Hellman, Fredrik
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology.
    Haraldsson, MattiasSwedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport.
    Sammanställning av postrar från Transportforum 20242024Conference proceedings (editor) (Other academic)
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  • Nichols, Aaron
    et al.
    Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
    Ryan, Jean
    Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Palmqvist, Carl-William
    Department of Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden; K2 – The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    The importance of recurring public transport delays for accessibility and mode choice2024In: Journal of Transport Geography, ISSN 0966-6923, E-ISSN 1873-1236, Vol. 115, article id 103796Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper looks at the relationship between recurring public transport delays, accessibility to jobs, and travel behaviour in the region of Scania, Sweden. The difference between potential (scheduled) accessibility, observed (actual) accessibility, and behaviour is an important part of this research. This paper contributes to the growing body of literature that uses GTFS data (for both scheduled and actual services) to provide a deeper understanding of temporal variations in accessibility with public transport. Historic public transport data were used to develop a measure for typical delays in the region. The accessibility analysis shows that, on average, recurring public transport delays result in a 4–9% reduction in accessibility to jobs in the region. The loss in accessibility varied depending on the travel time budget that was considered and the location within the region. The accessibility analysis also shows that areas with higher concentrations of households with a lower economic standard experience a smaller loss in job accessibility caused by public transport delays. However, the concentration of these effects depends on the measure that is used. The measurement of typical delays was also analysed in relation to actual trips from the regional travel survey. The statistical analysis found that recurring public transport delays were associated with a lower likelihood of using public transport compared to other motorised modes.

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  • Berg, Jessica
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    SEVS for autonomous drive: Final report of the pre-study2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This pre-study has used a set of tools within the process The SEVS Way to identify potential effects from autonomous drive concepts in relation to the Swedish transport political goals. The SEVS Way, which is a workshop based process, has earlier shown to be a powerful tool for multi-disciplinary teams to work cross- boarders in a structural way, but also a powerful communication tool that facilitates the inclusion of new stakeholders along the journey. The work within the pre-study has been performed through a number of work packages focusing on:

    • A driving force model, which is a very useful tool to find the mechanisms and driving forces which determine how AD influences the society.
    • A scenario methodology, with further developed scenarios that consider an AD-environment.
    • Use cases that describe the daily agendas and movements of actors and goods. The use cases should identify barriers and opportunities with autonomous vehicles (stage 4 and 5) in order for the actors to carry out the daily activities, and for the goods to be transported, delivered and picked up.
    • Methods for measuring and estimating effects related to AD, and how such concepts contribute to the fulfillment of the Swedish transport political goals.
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  • Engholm, Albin
    et al.
    KTH, Integrated Transport Research Lab, ITRL.
    Kristoffersson, Ida
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    MUST Managing Deep Uncertainty in Planning for Sustainable Transport: Project report: phase 12024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a growing recognition that traditional forecasting and decision-making approaches might fall short considering the many uncertainties and complexities facing the development of the transport system. The project Managing deep Uncertainty in planning for Sustainable Transport (MUST), funded by Trafikverket and conducted by KTH ITRL and VTI, aims to explore emerging methods for improving the handling of deep uncertainty in the long-term planning of future transport systems. The core of MUST is to explore, develop, and demonstrate tools and methods grounded in Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) and Exploratory Modeling and Analysis (EMA). These approaches are intended to support a shift towards more robust and adaptable planning methodologies.

    The project is performed in two phases, with the first phase dedicated to laying a foundational understanding of deep uncertainty in transport planning. This report covers the first phase which has included the following tasks: 

    • A literature review on deep uncertainty and existing decision-making and system analysis methods under such conditions, with a focus on transportation. 
    • A workshop series with Trafikverket identifying transport planning challenges marked by deep uncertainty.
    • A case study of applying DMDU through a case study on climate policy robustness (primarily reported in other deliverables).
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  • Wei, Guang
    et al.
    Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Sweden.
    Ekström, Joakim
    Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Sweden.
    Flötteröd, Gunnar
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Sweden.
    Calibration of urban road network capacities2022In: hEART 2022: 10th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation, 2022Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, a new calibration method for road capacities in urban networks is presented. The method relies on partial least squares (PLS) regression, which combines calibration and dimensionality reduction capabilities. A sampling strategy is implemented to further improve the calibration efficiency and accuracy. Moreover, influences of different parameters on calibration results are investigated. This method is demonstrated to be feasible and efficient in an urban road network (Stockholm, Sweden).

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  • Weibull, Kajsa
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Emergency vehicle approaching system: Final report2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Emergency vehicles face risks when interacting with surrounding traffic. To support civilian drivers’ move over-behavior they can be provided with an Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA) warning. An EVA warning is an in-car warning that lets the driver know that an emergency vehicle is approaching them about 15 seconds in advance. This allows the driver to notice the emergency vehicle earlier and thereby provides them with more time to move over safely. One previous study found that drivers required one interaction with the EVA system to move over quicker compared to drivers who did not get an EVA warning (Weibull et al., 2023). One purpose of the present study was therefore to examine if an introduction to the EVA system had an impact on the learning effect. VTI and the University of Gothenburg conducted a simulator experiment during the spring with 73 participants. In the experiment, the participants were approached by an emergency vehicle two times while driving on a highway. To examine driver behavior in the upcoming naturalistic study, eye tracking was considered a valuable method. Eye tracking, combined with measurements of vehicles' speed and placement, allowed for a thorough examination of the effects of whether an introduction to the EVA system affected driver behavior. In previous studies, only measures of vehicle position and speed had been used as measurements of EVA’s effect. Through eye-tracking, it was possible to explore how drivers' glance behavior changed when they received an EVA warning

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  • Sandberg, Ulf
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.
    Double-layer porous asphalt: Performance of innovative noise-reducing variants2023In: XXVIIth World Road Congress. Proceedings of the Congress, PIARC , 2023, p. 1-16Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Since 2010 double-layer porous asphalt (DPA) pavements have been used on motorway E4 through the Swedish city Huskvarna. The pavement has been a great success despite the challenge to use porous pavements in a country where studded tyres are used in wintertime, resulting in excessive surface wear and subsequent clogging of pores. In this paper, seven interesting trials on this road related to the noise reduction of the pavement are reported:

    1. Paving DPA hot-on-hot: Commonly, when paving DPA, it is considered necessary to do this “hot-on-hot” which means that the top layer must be applied while the bottom layer is still hot. This project has shown that it works fine to pave the two layers in two different days.

    2. Rejuvenating the surface may almost totally clog the pores in the top layer. In an attempt to extend the technical lifetime, the slow lane was rejuvenated by application of a Fog Seal. This filled the remaining porosity which resulted in a great loss of noise reduction.

    3. The effect of the bottom layer is analysed in relation to the top layer. One part of the section had a single-layer PA, the performance of which could be compared to another section where the same PA layer had been laid on a bottom layer, thus creating a DPA. It appeared that 2/3 of the noise reduction is due to the bottom layer of the DPA.

    4. Reusing the bottom layer: On one part of the new pavement laid in 2017, only the top layer of the old DPA section was milled-off and then repaved with a new top layer, while the bottom layer was reused. The noise reduction which is lost by reusing the old bottom layer is only around 1 dB (of the initial 7-8 dB), or 0.5 dB as an average.

    5. Steel slag has been used instead of stone aggregate in the top layer in one trial. The performance of this trial is analysed in comparison to the conventional aggregate.

    6. Grinding off the peaks in the surface has a favourable effect on both noise reduction and rolling resistance. This is a way to produce an “extra negative texture”.

    7. End-of-life noise reduction: After a few years, the top layer is clogged; yet, the pavement provides a considerable noise reduction. Surprisingly, 1-3 dB of noise reduction remains even when there is full clogging. Reasons for this are discussed. 

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  • Rosberg, Tomas
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Thorslund, Birgitta
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Förstudie tågsimulering och ERTMS2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I förstudien inventeras FoI frågor inom området tågsimulering och ERTMS. VTI är FoI utförare och arbetet sker på uppdrag och i samverkan med Trafikverket. Det finns ett behov av ökad kunskap om ERTMS, samt metoder kopplat till ERTMS utifrån simulering, projektering och teknikutveckling. I förstudien har FoI området tågsimulering och ERTMS definierats.

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  • Nerhagen, Lena
    et al.
    School of Culture and Society, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.
    Jussila Hammes, Johanna
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Transport economics.
    Policy Diffusion, Environmental Federalism, and Economic Efficiency: How Institutions Influence the Implementation of EU Legislation in Two Nordic Countries2024In: Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, ISSN 2194-5888, E-ISSN 2152-2812Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We explore the changes in central government administration due to European Union (EU) membership and its consequences for policy outcomes and economic efficiency in Finland and Sweden. Both countries became members of the EU in 1995. Upon joining the union, member states are expected to adopt common legislation and are encouraged to develop similar rule-making procedures. The actual implementation of EU directives varies considerably between member states, however. This is also the case for Finland and Sweden. Despite the two Nordic countries for historical reasons having had similar government systems, upon becoming members of the EU, they started to diverge. Using a model of delegation and comparing the more centralized Finnish system with the decentralized institutional setup in Sweden, we show that the Swedish approach leads to a stricter than optimal environmental policy, which in turn makes EU policy non-optimal from a global point of view, ceteris paribus. We also provide empirical support for our findings in the form of some example cases. We focus on environmental policy since this is an area that has been high on the EU agenda.

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  • Selander, Helena
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Englund, Lars
    Svensk Trafikmedicinsk Förening (STMF), Sverige.
    Henriksson, Per
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Läkares hantering av medicinsk körkortslämplighet: En enkätundersökning2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Assessing and determining when a patient is no longer a safe driver is a difficult and sometimes sensitive task for the health care system and the medical doctors. In addition, the driving license authorities do not provide detailed guidelines for suitable test methods. This constitutes a risk for arbitrariness, unjustified differences in assessment or a total lack of relevant routines in certain parts of Sweden. The aim of this survey was to examine how the assessment of medical driver fitness is carried out among physicians within publicly financed care units and how this assessment is supported by other professions within health care units.

    Our ambition with the survey was to get respondents from different parts of Sweden and from physicians with different specialties. The questionnaires were distributed through strategic professional associations within groups of doctors affiliated to the Swedish Society of Medicine. The aim was not to obtain a large representative sample, rather a rich and broad picture of how the situation might be within different regions and in groups of doctors with different specialization.

    The report shows the obvious and great interest for these issues among physicians and that these questions are looked upon as a natural part of your duties when working within publicly financed health care. However, how such patients are prioritized varies a lot in different parts of Sweden and documented routines for the unit are often lacking.

    We found a clear demand for more knowledge and support for the decisions, where especially the delicate task to report the patient to driving license authorities motivates a high degree of certainty in the assessments. There is an obvious demand for more educational measures.

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  • Eriksson, Jenny
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Arvidsson, Anna K
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Infrastructure maintenance.
    Kunskapsöversikt om fotgängare: Fokus på kostnader för vinterväghållning och skadade samt automatiserad räkning2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Walking is a mode of transport for everyone and, from equity perspective, it is also a fundamental prerequisite for all other modes of transport. The aim of this knowledge review is to compile data on pedestrians in the areas of (1) winter maintenance costs and pedestrian injuries in falls, (2) methods to capture pedestrian flows and pedestrian movement patterns.

    Winter maintenance costs were estimated to SEK 0.27–0.55 billion (2010 price level), based on the winter maintenance of pedestrian and cycle paths, squares, residential streets and pavements. The total cost of falling accidents due to slipping on ice and snow amounts to SEK 21.8 billion in one year, where the breakdown is SEK 0.36 billion for material costs and SEK 21.45 billion for risk assessment costs. The winter maintenance cost is thus significantly lower than the injury cost.

    There are few evaluations of how well different technologies detect pedestrians. Many existing technologies are mainly used to detect bicycle traffic and relatively few technologies focus on pedestrians and their challenges in terms of detectability. At present, only video technology seems to capture the pedestrian flow in a satisfactory way, at least when there are many pedestrians in the same place to be captured at the same time. However, an evaluation study is needed to establish this. 

    The studies dealing with pedestrian movement at the micro level show that good technology is available for this, but that some manual approach is often still required to complete the analysis. At the macro level, there are also studies, but they are often limited in time. The ability to capture total pedestrian travel is limited. The latest national travel survey has chosen to exclude walking without an errand. This causes problems in calculating the number of injured people in relation to exposure in the traffic environment. 

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  • Wehner, Jessica
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Stelling, Petra
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. Avdelningen för miljö- och energisystem, institutionen för teknik och samhälle, Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Khan, Jamil
    Avdelningen för miljö- och energisystem, institutionen för teknik och samhälle, Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Lantz, Mikael
    Avdelningen för miljö- och energisystem, institutionen för teknik och samhälle, Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Interaktion mellan elfordon och elnät: Fallstudier: delrapport 22024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Samhällets omställning till fossilfri energi innebär bland annat en ökad elektrifiering. I sin tur innebär en ökad elektrifiering också en högre efterfrågan på nya anslutningar till och behov av ökad kapacitet i elnätet. Syftet med delrapporten är att analysera två specifika fallstudier för att belysa utmaningar och möjligheter i interaktionen mellan elfordon och elnät. Den första fallstudien behandlar utbyggnad av laddstationer för personbilar i ett flerbostadshus respektive en villa, medan den andra fallstudien behandlar utbyggnad av laddstationer för ellastbilar. Fallen är uppbyggda utifrån olika nivåer med en gradvis mer utvecklad integration mellan fordon och nät och en ökande komplexitet i användningen av smart laddning. I fallen studeras faktorer såsom påverkan på elnätet, ekonomiska aspekter, samt organisatoriska och juridiska frågor. Resultaten visar att laddning av personbilar i flerbostadhus och villor kan göras utan lokala nätförstärkningar även då en stor andel av bilarna är elbilar. Däremot kan kapacitetsproblem uppstå högre upp i nätet vilket behöver haneras av nätägaren. För lastbilar uppstår snabbt behov av ökad kapacitet hos åkerier när antalet elfordon ökar. Då ledtiderna är långa för en utbyggnad av elnätskapacitet kan interrimslösningar behövas i form av extra batterikapacitet och regeländringar som möjliggör effektivare utnyttjande av nät- och laddkapacitet.

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  • Khan, Jamil
    et al.
    Avdelningen för miljö- och energisystem, institutionen för teknik och samhälle, Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Stelling, Petra
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics. Avdelningen för miljö- och energisystem, institutionen för teknik och samhälle, Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Lantz, Mikael
    Avdelningen för miljö- och energisystem, institutionen för teknik och samhälle, Lunds universitet, Sverige.
    Wehner, Jessica
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Osman, Mary Catherine
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Interaktion mellan elfordon och elnät: Policys, regelverk och aktörer: delrapport 12024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Samhällets omställning till fossilfri energi innebär bland annat en ökad elektrifiering. I sin tur innebär en ökad elektrifiering också en högre efterfrågan på nya anslutningar till och behov av ökad kapacitet i elnätet. Syftet med delrapporten är att beskriva processen för att ansluta laddstationer till elnätet, den reglering som styr detta samt de olika aktörer som kan bli inblandade och vilka roller de kan ha. Beskrivningen baseras på en analys av litteratur och rapporter inom området och samtal med experter från näringslivet. Rapporten presenterar en översikt av det svenska elsystemet och aktörer från el- och transportsektorn som är påverkade av sammankopplingen mellan dessa sektorer. Vidare ger rapporten en beskrivning av nuvarande policys och regelverk i relation till anslutning av laddstationer till elnätet och en internationell utblick. Slutligen sammanfattas de viktigaste slutsatserna och rekommendationer tas upp som kan vidtas för att adressera de identifierade utmaningarna i elsystemet.

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  • Bhatti, Harrison John
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Vehicle Systems and Driving Simulation.. Innovation and Sustainability, School of Business, Halmstad University, Sweden.
    Danilovic, Mike
    Innovation and Sustainability, School of Business, Halmstad University, Sweden; School of Business, Shanghai Dianji University, China; Centre for Innovation Research (CIRCLE), Lund University, Sweden.
    Nåbo, Arne
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    A Multidimensional Readiness Index for the Electrification of the Transportation System in China, Norway, and Sweden2023In: Future Transportation, E-ISSN 2673-7590, Vol. 3, no 4, p. 1360-1384Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The main objective of this paper is to develop a readiness index model that can serve as an analytical tool for exploring the achievements of the electrification of transportation systems. We have applied this readiness index model to evaluate the readiness positioning of China, Norway, and Sweden towards transportation electrification. We have chosen these three countries as they represent diversity among countries adopting electric transportation system solutions. Our developed readiness index model has four key dimensions: technological readiness, political readiness, societal readiness, and economic readiness. The embeddedness of all four dimensions in one model provides a multi-perspective way of analyzing and evaluating the readiness levels of countries moving towards transforming their transportation system. Therefore, we named the model a “multidimensional readiness index”. Our main conclusions are that political processes and decisiveness are the most important factors, followed by societal needs and economic ability, with the current technology as the fourth. Without the participation of dedicated and determined political decision makers, the other three factors are challenging to obtain. Political decision makers need to facilitate economic means to support the transformation in society and affected industries to balance the economic disadvantages of the electrically powered vehicle systems until they pass the cost disadvantage turning point. The development of relevant technology is no longer the significant barrier it was at the beginning of this transformation about 20 years ago. The technology for electrically powered transportation systems and devices is widely available now, although it is continuously evolving and being improved. Associated industries cannot be expected to initiate, finance, take risks, and take the lead in this global societal transformation without clear and strong political support.

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  • Öztürk, İbrahim
    et al.
    Department of Psychology, Safety Research Unit, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye; The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden; Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
    Wallén Warner, Henriette
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Özkan, Türker
    Department of Psychology, Safety Research Unit, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
    Preferred level of vehicle automation: How technology adoption, knowledge, and personality affect automation preference in Türkiye and Sweden2024In: Cogent Psychology, E-ISSN 2331-1908, Vol. 11, no 1, article id 2314840Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The acceptance of automated vehicles and advanced vehicle technologies by users is subject to different human factors variables. Personality, technology adoption, and prior previous knowledge about the systems have been significant determinants of people’s attitudes toward new technologies across different settings. The present study examined the effects of technology adoption, knowledge of vehicle automation, and personality on the preferred level of vehicle automation in Türkiye and Sweden. The study was conducted with 297 drivers from Türkiye (age: M = 22.47, SD = 2.83) and 332 drivers from Sweden (age: M = 30.06, SD = 10.48). Participants completed a questionnaire regarding technology adoption, knowledge and preference of vehicle automation, and the Basic Personality Traits Inventory (BPTI). The findings indicated that high technology adoption was associated with preferring higher levels of automation. Furthermore, drivers from Türkiye, in comparison to drivers from Sweden, and drivers with previous knowledge of high or full automation, compared to those who have not heard of these systems in the two countries, expressed a preference toward higher levels of automation. High extraversion and openness to change were associated with high technology adoption, leading to preferring vehicles with higher levels of automation.

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  • Wallhagen, Susanne
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Traffic Safety and Traffic System. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Selander, Helena
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Young drivers in slow moving vehicles: The impact of A-tractors and moped cars on traffic safety2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Slow moving vehicles, A-tractors (also called “EPA”) and moped cars, have in recent years become increasingly popular among young people in Sweden. With their rising popularity, the number of crashes involving these vehicles has also increased. The purpose has been to increase knowledge on crashes involving A-tractors and moped cars, as well as to describe how these vehicles impact traffic safety and the safety of other road users. The study involved crash data from the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition database (Strada) and interviews with police officers. A compilation of traffic crashes from 2016 to 2022, where the driver of the A-tractor or moped car was between 14 and 20 years old, showed that there were seven fatal crashes involving A-tractors, resulting in deaths of seven young people in the A-tractor and two unprotected road users. There were no fatal crashes involving drivers with moped cars in this age group. Furthermore, there were 37 serious crashes involving A-tractors, with 24 of them occurring in 2021–2022. In these crashes during the entire period, 32 young people in A-tractors and eight other road users, primarily pedestrians and moped or motorcycle users, were seriously injured. There were 12 serious crashes involving moped cars during this period, with ten young people in moped cars and three pedestrians being seriously injured. In the more severe A-tractor crashes, 91 percent of the drivers were male, while in the moped car crashes, 42 percent were male. A total of 14 interviews were conducted with police officers throughout Sweden. It became clear that A-tractors and moped cars are a social phenomenon, where the "EPA culture" and group identity are important aspects. These vehicles are used for transportation in both rural and urban areas and for hanging out with friends. How these vehicles are driven affects traffic safety, for those in the vehicles and other road users, as well as the environment. The police reported various driving behaviours and crashes and had opinions on the defects and deliberate modifications on these vehicles. 

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  • Jacobson, Bengt
    et al.
    Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Division, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Kharrazi, Sogol
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Vehicle Systems and Driving Simulation.. Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Fröjd, Niklas
    Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ghandriz, Toheed
    Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Bagdadi, Omar
    Swedish Transport Administration, Borlänge, Sweden.
    An open assessment tool for standardized performance measures of long combination vehicles2024In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 5256Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Long Combination Vehicles (LCV) are transport efficient. However, allowing any combination of, individually legal, loaded vehicle units which when connected become LCV, can lead to traffic risks. Therefore, ways to assess LCVs are developed. The paper proposes an open tool which can assess a certain LCV for a certain load distribution. The tool could be a base for a digital service for such assessment. The assessment is done with Performance-Based Standards (PBS). PBS measures, computed through dynamic models and simulations, can be compared to numerical requirements. The vehicle parameters are selected to be as easy as possible to find values on, e.g., from available data in a vehicle unit registry. Also, the loading is defined by giving the static vertical force for each axle and the load height for each vehicle unit. A PBS based assessment method, as opposed to simply prescribing certain vehicle design parameters, would encourage novel combination vehicle designs. That would continuously drive the development towards even better transport efficiency, including energy efficiency.

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  • Rahman, Mohammad Shafiqur
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology.
    Kharrazi, Sogol
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Vehicle Systems and Driving Simulation.. Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Erlingsson, Sigurdur
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology.
    High-capacity transport in cities and the impact on the roads2024In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 8555Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the evaluation of the relative pavement damage caused by a high-capacity transport (HCT) 5 axle truck with respect to three other reference trucks consisting of 4, 3 and 2 axles. The analysis was conducted by simulating the responses of three pavement structures using the pavement analysis tool ERAPave. Two damage criteria of the pavement structures were evaluated: fatigue cracking of the asphalt concrete (AC) layer and permanent deformation of the subgrade. The relative damage caused by the different vehicles were estimated by calculating a damage factor (Dr) following the Asphalt Institute Method. Three loading scenarios of the trucks were analyzed: (a) one way trip with fully loaded trucks, (b) round trip where the return trip consisted of the empty vehicles with lifted axles and (c) round trip where the return trip consisted of the empty vehicles without lifting any axles. The damage factors were calculated for per ton of carried load and were normalized with respect to the 2-axle truck. Results indicate that the relative impacts of the vehicles depend on the structure type and seasons. Generally, the 4-axle truck appeared to be the least damaging one. The HCT 5-axle truck is more damaging than the 4-axle truck, but less damaging than the other two.

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  • Behera, Abhijeet
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Vehicle Systems and Driving Simulation.. Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Kharrazi, Sogol
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Vehicle Systems and Driving Simulation.. Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Frisk, Erik
    Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Performance analysis of an A-double in roundabouts using naturalistic driving data2024In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 4565Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The focus of this paper is to use Naturalistic Driving Data to understand how the drivers manoeuvre an A-double combination in the roundabouts and evaluate performance in the roundabouts using measures like Low-Speed Swept Path (LSSP) and Tail Swing (TS). The analyses of the steering patterns and speed variations depict that the standard deviations of the responses of the drivers for a given travel direction in a roundabout are within 35o (17 % of the baseline) for the steering wheel angle and 8 km/h (40 % of the baseline) for the speed. It is also found that the cognitive workload of the drivers due to the steering pattern is higher in right turns compared to straight crossings through the roundabout. The performance analyses show a dependency of LSSP on the instantaneous radius obtained from the vehicle's path, and the vehicle's travel direction in the roundabout. LSSP ranges from 7.7 m for a left turn in a roundabout with an inner radius of 12 m to 3.1 m for a straight crossing in a roundabout with a 30 m inner radius. TS is observed in only one roundabout and its magnitude goes up to 0.4 m in a roundabout of 30 m inner radius.

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  • Kharrazi, Sogol
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Vehicle Systems and Driving Simulation.. Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Laine, Leo
    Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Larsson, Lena
    Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sandin, Jesper
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Driver and vehicle.
    Jacobson, Bengt
    Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems Division, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Asp, Thomas
    Swedish Transport Administration, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Bagdadi, Omar
    Swedish Transport Administration, Borlänge, Sweden.
    A review of more than a decade of research and field tests on longer vehicle combinations in Sweden that supported road approval2024In: Technology Convergence 2023: Setting the Wheels In Motion: Reimagining the future of heavy vehicles, roads and freight, International Forum for Heavy Vehicle Transport & Technology; The International Society for Weigh-In-Motion , 2024, article id 7891Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    For more than a decade, Longer Vehicle Combinations (LVCs) have been tested in Sweden on roads and test tracks and studied in simulations. Based on the outcomes of this research, the government in Sweden has decided to open part of the road network for LVCs with a length up to 34.5 m. Necessary regulatory framework should be in place before this change can be applied. Thus, the LVCs are not expected on the roads before winter 2023-2024. This article reviews outcomes of the extensive research which has been performed on High Capacity Transport (HCT) to support introduction of LVCs in Sweden. Summary of studies on various aspects of HCT, such as regulation, safety, maneuverability, electrification, and emissions, are presented.

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  • Yun, Di
    et al.
    School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Pavement Structure and Material of Transportation Industry, Chang’an University, China.
    Tang, Cheng
    School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, China.
    Sandberg, Ulf
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Environment.
    Ran, Maoping
    School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China.
    Zhou, Xinglin
    School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China.
    Gao, Jie
    School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiao Tong University, China.
    Hu, Liqun
    Key Laboratory of Pavement Structure and Material of Transportation Industry, Chang’an University, China.
    A New Approach for Determining Rubber Enveloping on Pavement and Its Implications for Friction Estimation2024In: Coatings, ISSN 2079-6412, Vol. 14, no 3, article id 301Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The depth to which the pavement texture is enveloped by the tire tread rubber (d) is an important parameter related to contact performance. This study presents a new method (S-BAC), which relies on the ratio between the real contact area and the nominal tire-pavement contact area (S) and the bearing area curve (BAC), to measure the depth on pavements. The tire-pavement contact was simulated by contact between a non-patterned rubber block and pavement specimens. After analyzing the affecting factors, the new method was compared with previous methods by the d values and the application on the relationship between pavement texture parameters and friction. The results reveal that though there is a linear regression between the d obtained with the S-BAC and previous methods, the d values obtained with different methods differ. Applying the S-BAC method can strengthen the relationship between texture parameters and friction more than other methods.

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  • Witzell, Jacob
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. Division of Urban and Regional Studies, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
    Oldbury, Kelsey
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes.
    Embedding Research-led Urban Experiments?: Institutional Capacities and Challenges in Mundane Planning Settings2023In: Nordic Journal of Urban Studies, E-ISSN 2703-8866, Vol. 3, no 2, p. 21-37Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Literature on urban experiments and the role of experimental governance is increasingly focusing on the relationship between experimental processes and existing urban governance and planning configurations. This article aims to develop knowledge about institutional capacity and conditions for embedding experiments in mundane, everyday planning contexts. Based on qualitative interviews and document studies, we draw upon a research-led experiment which introduces digitally supported mobility interventions in a suburban neighborhood south of Stockholm, Sweden. We ask two questions: 1) which case-specific institutional capacities influence the embedding of urban experimentation? And based on this, 2) which general implications follow from the challenges of embedding experimental activities in mundane urban development contexts? Our results illustrate that mundane settings are challenging sites for embedding urban experimentation within broader strategic urban planning and development. In the case studied, limited strategic planning resources and the absence of an up-to-date strategic framing for the neighborhood’s development makes it challenging to integrate, and learn from, the experiment within its broader planning context. Broader implications from this case suggest that limited institutional capacity to embed experimentation in mundane planning settings implies an extended role for researchers to support conditions for embedding. We also identify a need for both researchers and public planning agencies to continuously safeguard democratic legitimacy and prioritization of scarce strategic planning resources. Embedding can be a demanding learning strategy. Involved actors ought to closely assess available capacity for embedding and identify activities which might support embedding in order to establish favorable conditions.

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  • Oldbury, Kelsey
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. K2 – the Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden.
    Isaksson, Karolina
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Mobility, actors and planning processes. K2 – the Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Lund, Sweden; Department of Urban Planning and Environment, The Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm (KTH), Sweden.
    Strategic Planning Capacities in a Time of Platformisation2023In: Nordic Journal of Urban Studies, E-ISSN 2703-8866, Vol. 3, no 2, p. 4-20Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The influx of digital platforms into the mobility sector has created a myriad of new forms of mobility services in urban transport. The proliferation of digital platforms raises questions regarding public actors’ strategic planning capacities in times of platformisation. In this paper, focus is directed towards Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as an example of platformisation taking place in a setting where public actors have (in theory) had an opportunity to influence platform developments in relation to urban and mobility planning. Based on qualitative research into a pilot project for MaaS in the Stockholm region, the aim of this paper is to provide insights into the relationship between platformisation and strategic planning. More specifically, we discuss how local and regional organisations with responsibilities for urban transport and land-use planning navigate and respond to the ongoing platformisation of urban mobility, from a strategic planning perspective. 

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  • Daniels, David
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Traffic analysis and logistics.
    Eek, Magnus
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Traffic and road users, Vehicle Systems and Driving Simulation..
    The airport as an energy hub2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report explores the concept of the airport as an energy hub in the decarbonizing transportation and energy systems. The airport, transitioning from petroleum-based fuels to carbon-free alternatives like electricity, hydrogen, or biofuels, could help reduce the aviation sector’s carbon footprint. Beyond providing electricity for flight itself or producing fossil-free aviation fuels, electrifying airport ground operations would further integrate the airport into the electricity grid, reduce local emissions, and contribute to global greenhouse gas mitigation. With its existing transportation and logistics links, the airport could also play a coordinating role in future transportation energy demands, contribute to local energy markets, and support grid stability. Incorporating renewable energy and storage systems and potentially producing fossil-free fuels positions the airport as a two-way hub in both the transportation and energy systems, helping to balance multiple objectives in achieving economy-wide sustainability targets.

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  • Pyddoke, Roger
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Transport economics.
    Lind, Joar
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Society, environment and transport, Transport economics.
    Policies for internalizing externalities from car transport in two Swedish cities2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Cities around the world contemplate how the transports of the city can be greened by shifting passenger transport demand from private car to more sustainable modes. Car users in cities frequently do not fully pay for the externalities (for example congestion, delays, accidents, noise, and air pollution) they cause other car users and citizens. This paper models and compares the effects of welfare optimized parking charges, congestion taxes, and kilometre taxes in Malmö and Uppsala in Sweden, internalization of externalities, welfare and shift of demand from car use to other modes. 

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  • Ahmed, Abubeker W
    et al.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology.
    Larsson, Magnus
    WSP, Sweden.
    Said, Safwat
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Infrastructure, Pavement Technology.
    Utilizing GPR and FWD for Pavement Structural Assessment and Moisture Detection2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Asphalt pavement performance is affected by the presence of water(moisture). Increased moisture within the road structure can result in substantial cost increase for the for society. Research have showed that significant portion of the road sections need early maintenance measures regardless of traffic volume due to moisture-related damages. Monitoring moisture conditions, preferably using a non-destructive continuous method, offers important information into the decision-making and selecting appropriate maintenance intervention. Furthermore, understanding moisture conditions is critical for accurately interpreting automatic road condition measurements, especially during the spring (thawing) when the roads exhibit the lowest load bearing capacity due to increased levels of moisture.

    This study employed a multi-receiver ground penetrating radar (GPR) and a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) devices to assess moisture levels and structural condition of field and indoor full-scale test roads. The groundwater level of the test road was varied by introducing water to the system. The results revealed an apparent correlation between the FWD and the average GPR velocity measurements. The GPR measurements provided a relative water content of the test roads. Further exploration of other GPR parameters, such as frequency, magnitude, and amplitude of the GPR signal is recommended.

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